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Cognitive Psychology
Quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What transforms a memory from a fragile state into a permanent state? | Consolidation |
| Does a memory begin within seconds/minutes after an event? | Yes |
| What is memory? | A pattern of neural connections in the brain that can occur thoughts, experience, and emotions in that moment. |
| How does the brain store memory? | By creating connections or strengthening existing connections between neurons |
| Long term Potention | The action potential of one cell activates another cell, the synaptic connection gets stronger |
| Where are long term memories distributed? | The cerebral cortex |
| What does the hippocampus help with for consolidation? | Coordinate and reactivate connections and cortexes |
| Is the hippocampus needed after consolidation? | No |
| What happens when you remember an event from long term memory? | It strengthens but is also altered |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Can't recall old memories typically before the trauma |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Can't form new explicit memories |
| Misinformation effect | Exposures to incorrect information retroactively changing our memory |
| Flash Bulb Memories | Memories of important events that are experienced as well as video or photograph |
| What are some traits about long term memory? | It has nearly unlimited capacity and has very long duration |
| What is the difference between priming effect and recency effect? | Priming effect is information presented at the start and recency effect is information presented at the end |
| What type of memory does semantic and episodic memory fall into? | Explicit |
| What are the different types of implicit memory? | Procedural, Priming, Conditioning, and Non-Associative |
| What is procedural memory? | Motor memory, automated tasks, and skills |
| What does memory do? | It stores important bits and summerizes most events |
| What are the different types of recall? | Serial Recall, Free Recall, and Cued Recall |
| Recognition Tests | Select/identify items you were exposed to previously |
| What is the sequence to the modal model? | Envirnmental input -> Sensory Registors -> Short-term memory -> Central Processes -> <- Long term memory |
| Can long term memory transfer back into short term memory? | Yes |
| What is the difference between encoding and retrieval? | Encoding is storing info and retrieval is remembering info. |
| What does the modal Model represent? | The storage of information |
| T/F, Much of memory sensory input gets ignored. | True |
| What is the duration of STM? | 15-30s |
| What is interference? | Other information that gets in the way |
| What is retroactive interference? | New info makes old info more difficult to remember correctly |
| T/F, STM is unlimited. | False |
| Auditory Coding | Representing items based on their sound |
| Visual Coding | Representing items based on how they look |
| Semantic coding | Representing items based on their meaning |
| What is the difference between STM and WM? | STM is storing memory for a brief period of time and WM is manipulating information to form a memory |
| What does the Alan Baddeley's Model of WM consist of? | Phonological loop, Episodic Buffer, and Visuo-Spatial Scratchpad |
| Phonological loop | Used to maintain verbal and auditory info for a short time |
| Visuospatial Sketchpad | Use for maintaining and processing visual images and spatial info |
| Episodic Buffer | Used for storage and integration of information in multi-model code |
| What does a central executive do? | It focuses, divides and allocates attention on relevant items and inhibits irrelevent ones |
| Phonological similiarity | confusion of items that sounds similier |
| Articulatory Suppression Effect | Repeating irrelevant sound that messes up memory by interfering with rehersal |
| Attention | How we select and process a limited amount of information |
| Does attention involve both conscious and unconscious processing? | Yes |
| Signal Detection | Detecting the appearance of something interesting/important among other irrelevant stimuli |
| What is the difference between HIT and MISS? | HIT is detecting a real signal and MISS is failing to detect a real signal |
| What is correct rejection? | Correctly concluding there is no signal |
| What is the cocktail party effect? | Selecting one person to attend to while many other things are happening |
| What is search (not a google search)? | Actively looking for/scanning for a target by effortlessly directing our attention. |
| What type of search occurs in parallel? | Conjunction Search |
| What are the different stages of conjunction searches? | 1st stage is connecting 2 or more memories together and the 2nd stage is an automatic, unconscious detection of the feature |
| What is the dichnotic listening task? | Its a task when people play a different message to each other and the participant shadows one side |
| What is preattentive processing? | a physical properties test meaning where meaning is processed quickly and automatically |
| What is accuracy and reaction time doing poorly and example of? | They are followed by the dual task paradigm |
| What is the psychological refractory period? | A brief moment when you are going to miss information or accuracy |
| What is this an example of? If a task that involved verbal use in both tasks we wouldn't be able to multitask but if one task only required verbal use then we could multitask | Attentional Blink |
| Illusionary Superiority | This is when we think we can do better than others |
| What is the difference between overt and covert attention? | Overt attention is when we look directly at the object, Covert Attention is when we are attending to something without looking at it |
| What are the benefits of attention? | 1. Speeds our responses and synchronizes activity in different brain regions |
| What is an example of change blindness? | Traffic lights and conversations |
| What is the difference between change blindness and inintentional blindness? | Change blindness is when we don't notice changes to the scene when we aren't paying attention, Inattentional blindness is when we don't notice scenes even when we are paying attention |
| Load theory of attention | We have a limited perceptual capacity and different perceptual tasks that have a more or less load |
| What is an example of spatial neglect? | When a person doesn't notice a ball on their left side but can notice a star on their right side |
| What is an ego-centric reference frame? | I am looking from my viewpoint |
| What is an allocentric reference frame? | The brain isn't keeping track of things using both types of spatial reference frames |
| Recognition | A person that helps identify by recalling from a fact, a word, and other things from memory |
| Transfer-Appropriate Processing | How similar retrieving information is and using that same information. |
| Declarative Memory | Intentional Recollection of retrieving memory |
| Is characteristic search one of the searches? | No, There is no such thing as a characteristic search |
| How long does information stay in sensory memory for? | about 1 second |
| What did Ebbigottus research? | How long it took to memorize a list of letters and how long it took to relearn the same list |
| What are the parts of working memory? | Central Executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer |
| Primacy | Superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list |
| Divided Attention | Allocate cognitive resources that we can complete two or more tasks simultaneously |
| Serial Position Effect | Early items are remembered well |
| Generation effect | When individuals actively connect information by connecting it to ones own mind instead of simply being read |
| Serial Recall | Recall items in the exact order in which they were presented |
| In what search do we search for a combination of stimulus characteristics? | Conjunction search |
| Chunking | knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts to proceed successfully |
| The primacy effect... | early items get more rehearsals so they transfer to LTM better |
| What did triesman and schmidt find out? | They demonstrated illusory conjunction |
| What does the Model Modal consist of? | Sensory memory, Short term memory, and long term memory |
| Broadbent Model | One channel is processed while all other channels are filtered out |
| Vigilance | Refers to a person's ability to attend to a field of stimulation over a prolonged period to detect something rare or unpredictable |
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