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Units 1-2

Sleep/Sensation/Perception

TermDefinition
Perception* The process of becoming aware of objects/relationships/events via the senses.
Sensation* The process/experience of perceiving through the senses.
Circadian Rhythm* Any periodic variation in physiological or behavioral activity that repeats around every 24-hours.
Night Terrors* Sleep disorder characterized by repeated awakening from NREM sleep, experiencing intense nightmares, anxiety, panic, and disorientation.
Activation Synthesis Theory* Suggestion that dreams are one's brain creating meaning from the signals received.
Bottom-up Processing* Information processing that relies on external sensory information.
Top-down Processing* Information processing that relies on internal prior expectations. It involves experience, expectations, and motives to complete perception.
Transduction* The process in which one form of energy is converted to another.
Signal Detection Theory* The theory that explains how we make decisions with internal/external noise.
Absolute Threshold* The minimum amount of stimulation required to trigger/produce a sensation measured across several trials.
Just-Noticeable Difference/Threshold* The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected on 50% of trials.
Feature Detectors (and their location)* Mechanisms within the visual cortex (occipital lobe) responding to specific features. Lines/edges, movement, color, angles/shapes.
Binocular (Retinal) Disparity* The slight difference between left and right retinal images caused by the position of each eye. If the images are similar enough, they fuse.
Convergence* Rotation of the eyes inward toward light so that the image falls on corresponding parts of the foveas.
Sensory Interaction* The integration of sensory processes when doing a certain task (ex. maintaining balance uses both vision, and proprioception).
Sensory Threshold* The minimum level of stimulus one needs to detect it.
Perceptual Set* The schema that influences the way a person perceives an object, event, or people.
Afterimages/Negative Afterimages* The image that remains after the stimulus is removed. A negative afterimage is usually complementary to the original stimulus in color, and brightness.
Frequency (in regards to hearing)* The number of repetitions of a periodic waveform in a unit of time.
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three-Color) Theory* The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors that are most sensitive to three colors (red, green, blue). When these receptors are stimulated in any combination, we can perceive many colors.
Opponent-Process Theory* We see color through the activity of mechanisms corresponding to cells which respond to red--green, blue--yellow, and black--white.
Place Theory* The theory that sounds of different frequencies stimulate different places along the basilar membrane.
Volley Theory* The theory that individual fibers in the auditory nerve respond to another stimulus in rapid succession of rhythmic sound. No single fiber is required to respond to every stimulus.
Frequency Theory* The theory specifying that pitch is coded at the rate of which action potentials are generated by auditory neruons.
Gate-Control Theory* The theory that the experience of pain is modulated by nerve fibers in the spinal cord acting as gates. The status of the gates are subject to various influences (drugs, injury, emotions, etc).
Vestibular Sense* The organs within your ear that sense information to maintain your body's balance.
Cocktail-Party Phenomenon* Attention to a specific sound when around a lot of stimulus (ex: when you here your name said in a loud, crowded room).
Weber's Law* The mathematical model of the difference threshold giving the magnitude needed to detect a physical change in a stimulus in proportion to its magnitude.
Law of Effect* The principle that consequences of behavior modify the future probability of that behavior.
Pitch (in regards to hearing)* The perception of how low/high a sound is by its frequency.
Synesthesia* The condition in which stimulation to one sense generates stimulation to another automatically.
Gestalt Theory* How we naturally organize sensation. The brain puts everything you see into a picture, instead of random elements
Selective Attention* Focusing one one stimulus while ignoring the others which allows people to focus on something without getting distracted.
Figure-Ground Relationship* The brain separates the visual field into the figure, and the fore/background.
Relative Size* When looking at two relatively equal sized objects, the bigger one is perceived as closer, and the smaller one is perceived as farther.
Linear Perspective* Two objects appear closer as the distance from them increases (ex: the tracks of a railroad converging in the distance).
Dark Adaptation* How the eye recovers its sensitivity in the dark after being in light.
Interposition* When one object blocks another, the blocked object appears farther away.
Supertaster* Someone with a stronger response to gustatory stimuli because they have more tastebuds, and are more sensitive.
Conduction Hearing Loss Hearing loss caused by a problem in the outer/middle ear preventing sound from getting through.
Habituation The ability to ignore frequent stimuli allowing the brain to filter unimportant information.
Sensory Adaptation* The process by which our sensory receptors become less sensitive to an unchanged constant stimulus.
Inattentional Blindness* When one fails to notice clearly visible events/objects because their attention is focused elsewhere.
Depth Perception Awareness of three-dimensionality, solidity, and the distance between the observer and object.
Texture Gradient* When objects are more detailed/textured, they are perceived as closer, when they are less detailed, they are perceived as farther.
Perceptual Adaptation* the brain's ability to adjust/adapt to changes over time, leading to a shift in one's perception.
Sleep Apnea* When your breathing stops during sleep caused by obstruction or respiratory sensors failing to activate.
Insomnia* A chronic problem when someone has issues falling and/or staying asleep.
Narcolepsy* When one uncontrollably falls into REM sleep (paralyzed muscles), so they collapse where they're at.
REM Rebound Effect* A response to previous REM sleep deprivation/stress where the body forces you to sleep.
Somnambulism* A sleep disorder characterized by walking or performing complex behaviors while asleep.
Occipital Lobes* Lobes that sit at the back of the head responsible for visual perception (color, form and motion).
Thalamus* The sensory switchboard of the brain that sorts sensory information, then sends it to the cortex for further interpretation. Smell is the ONLY exception.
Stages of Sleep* NREM 1: when you're asleep, but still aware (alpha waves), NREM 2: you're not aware, (theta waves), NREM 3: deepest sleep when you are groggy when awaked (delta waves), REM sleep: mimics awake and alertness (beta waves).
Naturalistic Observation* Data collection in a setting without manipulating variables. (ex: daily behavior studies of an animal).
Survey Research* Surveys that involve asking participants questions to learn about a phenomenon (ex: to see how one thinks, feels, or behaves).
Case Study* An in-depth investigation in a single person/family/event where multiple types of data are assembled. (ex: used to understand one's background).
Experimental Research* Research using random participants with manipulative variables for an objective.
Created by: IloveGarfield:3
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