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Schizophrenia
Psych AQA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is validity in terms of classifying Sz? | How accurately Sz is being diagnosed |
| What is labelling theory in the context of Sz? | If someone is misdiagnosed as schizophrenic they will act schizophrenic |
| What is Sz commonly misdiagnosed as and vice versa? | Bipolar disorder |
| What is reliability in terms of classifying Sz? | How consistently Sz is diagnosed (across time, culture, etc) |
| What is inter-rater reliability in regards to classifying Sz? | When two doctors diagnose the same patient with Sz, independent of each other |
| What is Sz? | A long-term MH condition often described as a type of psychosis - not always able to distinguish thoughts from reality |
| What are the two symptom types of Sz? | Positive symptoms and negative symptoms |
| Describe positive symptoms of Sz | Excess of normal functioning - additional behaviour |
| Describe negative symptoms of Sz | Loss of functioning - inability to carry out previous behaviours |
| What are examples of positive symptoms of Sz? | - Hallucinations - Delusions - Disorganised Speech - Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour |
| What are examples of negative symptoms of Sz? | - speech poverty (Algolia) - Avolition - lack of goal oriented behaviour - Flat affect - monotone emotions - Anhedonia - not able to feel pleasure (physical or social) |
| Define diagnosing | Identifying an illness through the presentation of symptoms |
| Define classifying | How Sz in clarified in diagnostic manuals (DSM) An outline of symptoms of disorders |
| Define comorbidity | Simultaneous presence of two or more conditions in a patient |
| Name a study into comorbidity of disorders with Sz | Buckley (2009) |
| What did Buckley (2009) find? | Sz patients also have - Depression 50% - PTSD 29% - OCD 23% - Substance abuse 47% This lowers validity of classification as it is possible highly comorbid disorders are the same thing so DSM is wrong |
| Define symptom overlap and explain significance to diagnosis validity | - Same symptoms across multiple disorders - Increases misdiagnosis chance so lowers diagnosis validity |
| Explain cultural bias in terms of diagnosis | Clinicians diagnose patients based on their culture and not the patients culture, lack of consideration of where the patient is from |
| Name two studies which support the theory of cultural bias | Cochrane (1977) and Escobar (2012) |
| What were the findings of Cochrane (1977)? | West indies and British Sz diagnosis rate of 1%, but Afro-Caribbean people several times more likely to be diagnosed with Sz living in Britain |
| What were the findings of Escobar (2012)? | |
| Name one study which support the theory of gender bias | Longnecker et al (2010) and Rosenhan (1973) |
| What were the findings of Longnecker et al (2010)? | Reviewed studies of incidences of Sz since 1980s Males diagnosed more than women since the 80s, yet beforehand was not the case |
| What were the findings of Rosenhan (1973)? | pseudopatients not ill but incorrectly misdiagnosed as having Sz therefore accuracy of diagnosis is probably low - 11/12 diagnosed with Sz - 1/12 diagnosed with Sz and bipolar - Shortest time to get out hospital was 7 days |
| What are biological explanations of Sz? | The theory that Sz is caused by genetics, neurochemistry, and hyperdopaminergia |
| What is the genetic explanation of Sz? | Sz is caused by possession of the gene Therefore if family are diagnosed closer genetics = greater chances of getting Sz |
| What are twin studies? | Investigations used to studied genetic relation and concordance of disorders Higher rate indicates genetics more likely involved |
| Name an example of twin studies | Gottesman (1991) |
| What were the findings of Gottesman (1991)? | Concordance rate - 48% among Mz twins - 17% among Dz twins Pulled info from 40 twin studies - meta analysis Therefore genetics must be partial explanation |
| Why are adoption studies conducted? | To see the effect of genetics without environmental influence of the household |
| Name an example of Adoption studies | Tienari (1991) |
| What were the findings of Tienari (1991)? | Bio mother with Sz = 10% of developing Sz Bio mother no history of Sz = 1% chance of developing Sz |
| What is the C4 gene? | The Complement component 4 - involved in the pruning of synapses. |
| What is a candidate gene? | |
| What is the candidate gene for schizophrenia? | The C4 gene |
| What does the C4 explanation of Sz explain? | - Why onset time for males is 18 - lost of synaptic pruning at that time - Why Sz patients have thinner cerebral cortex with less synapses than NT brains |
| What were the findings of Bensel et al (2007)? | COMPT, DRD4, AKT1 associated with excessive dopamine in D2 receptors, this leads to acute episodes of positive symptoms |
| What were the findings of Ripke (2014)? | 108 separate genetic variations are associated with increased risk of Sz which could explain why symptoms are so varied |
| What was the first version of the dopamine hypothesis? | Theory that Schizophrenia is caused by too high dopamine levels |
| What was the second version of the dopamine hypothesis? | Theory that schizophrenia is caused by excessive D2 (dopamine) receptors |
| What was the third version of the dopamine hypothesis? | positive symptoms are caused by hyperdopaminergia negative symptoms are caused by hypodopamineria |
| How many versions of the dopamine hypothesis are there? | Three |
| What is hyperdopaminergia? | The presence of too much dopamine - results in positive symptoms |
| What is hypodopaminergia? | The lack of dopamine - results in negative symptoms |
| What is the dopamine pathway linked with positive symptoms of schizophrenia? | The Mesolimbic Pathway From the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) to the Nucleus Accumbens (NA) |
| What is the dopamine pathway linked with negative symptoms of schizophrenia? | The Mesocortical Pathway From the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) to the prefrontal cortex |
| What were the findings of Randrup (1966)? | Rats injected with amphetamines to increase dopamine levels in the brain and developed abnormal repetitive behaviours (sniffing, liking, biting) |
| Name a study supporting the dopamine hypothesis | Randrup (1966) |
| Name the three neuroanatomical explanations of schizophrenia | - Enlarged Ventricles - Hypofrontality - Hippocampus-Amygdala Region |
| Describe enlarged ventricles as an explanation for schizophrenia | There is a strong correlation between the possession of schizophrenia and having 15% enlarged ventricles in the brain |
| Name a study supporting enlarged ventricles | Torrey (2002) |
| What were the findings of Torrey (2002)? | Meta-analysis of 65 studies - MRI scans of people with Sz have 15% larger ventricles than non-Sz people |
| Describe hypofrontality as an explanation for schizophrenia | State of decreased cerebral blood flow in dorsolateral and orbitofrontal regions of the brain - is a symptom of several neurological medical conditions (Sz, ADHD, bipolar, major depressive disorder) which all have attention issues |
| Describe hippocampus-amygdala region as an explanation for schizophrenia | - smaller in volume and size - leads to flat affect - dulled emotional state |
| Name a study supporting hippocampus amygdala region | McEwen found that chronic stress and high glucocorticoid (cortisol) levels cause hippocampal atrophy which triggers biological vulnerability |
| What is the diathesis-stress model? | Biological vulnerability + environmental stressor = behaviour |
Created by:
Ziggyisweird
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