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Cell Division and Mu

cell division and mutations

TermDefinition
Asexual Reproduction Reproduction from a single parent producing genetically identical offspring through mitosis.
Cell Cycle Series of events where a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides into two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis Division of a eukaryotic cell’s nucleus creating two identical nuclei.
Cytokinesis Division of cytoplasm forming two daughter cells after mitosis.
Clones Offspring genetically identical to parents and each other.
Sexual Reproduction Reproduction involving two parents; increases genetic diversity.
Gametes Male and female sex cells.
Sex Cells Another term for gametes.
Somatic Cells Body cells that are not gametes (e.g., brain, muscle, skin cells).
Zygote Fertilized egg formed by fusion of male and female gametes.
Variations Differences in traits within a population.
Meiosis Cell division producing sex cells with half the chromosomes.
Crossing Over Exchange of chromosome parts between homologous chromosomes.
Tetrad Two homologous chromosomes connected during crossing over.
Homologous Chromosomes Pairs of chromosomes with similar genes, one from each parent.
Fertilization Fusion of gametes creating a diploid zygote.
Gene A section of DNA that codes for a protein.
DNA Molecule that stores and transmits genetic info.
Chromatin Loosely coiled DNA not condensed into chromosomes.
Centromere Region where sister chromatids attach.
Chromosome Number Count chromosomes by centromeres.
Haploid Cell Cell with one copy of each chromosome.
Diploid Cell Cell with two copies of each chromosome.
Genome Complete set of genes in an organism.
Karyotype Picture of 23 chromosome pairs used for diagnosis and sex.
Autosome Chromosome not determining sex.
Sex Chromosomes Chromosomes determining offspring sex (X, Y).
Mutation Change in DNA sequence.
Nondisjunction Failure of chromosomes to separate properly in meiosis.
Parent Cell Cell dividing to form daughter cells.
Daughter Cells Cells formed after division.
Chromatid One of the two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome; each chromatid contains one complete copy of every gene and the full amount of DNA in the chromosome.
Sister Chromatids Two identical chromatids joined together by a centromere, forming a duplicated chromosome; each chromatid has one complete copy of every gene, so sister chromatids carry two identical copies of each gene in total.
Unduplicated Chromosome A chromosome consisting of a single chromatid; it contains one copy of every gene and the full amount of DNA for that chromosome.
Duplicated Chromosome A chromosome that has been replicated and consists of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere; it contains two identical copies of every gene and twice the DNA compared to an unduplicated chromosome.
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