Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
PSYCH101 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is learning? | An enduring change in behavior resulting from experience |
| What is stimulus? | Something that originates out in the world, external to the person/organism (e.g., a sound, an object, someone’s behavior toward you) |
| What are the two kinds of Conditioning? | Classical and Operant |
| What is Response? | Something that originates inside the person/organism (e.g., a feeling, a thought, a behavior) |
| In classical conditioning does the stumulus come before or after the response? | BEFORE |
| In Operant conditioning does the stimulus come before or after the response? | AFTER |
| What does the stimulus serve as in classical conditioning? | It serves as an announcement that something is about to happen |
| What does the stimulus serve as in operant conditioning? | It serves as a reward/punishment for something that was done |
| Classical conditioning targets what kind of behavior? | targets behaviors that are done by ALL normally functioning members of the species |
| Operant conditioning targets what kind of behavior? | very unusual behaviors, done by hardly any members of the species |
| Classical conditioning operates on mostly concious or unconcious behavior? | (mostly) unconcious behavior |
| Operant conditioning operates on mostly concious or unconcious behavior? | (mostly) Concious behavior |
| Positive Reinforcement | You get MORE of target behavior: Give them something, and that makes them happy! :) |
| Negative Reinforcement | You get MORE of the target behavior: Take Away something, and that makes them happy! :) |
| Positive Punishment | You get LESS of traget behavior: Give them something, and that makes them unhappy! :( |
| Negative Punichment | You get LESS of the target behavior: Take Away something, and that makes them unhappy!:( |
| What is an example of positive reinforcement? | A party if you get a 100% on all quizzes. |
| What is an example of negative reinforcemnt? a.k.a "escape" | No exam if you get a 100% on all quizzes. "Escaping from exam" |
| What is an example of positive punishement? | Run extra lap if you arrive late |
| What is an example of a negative punishement? | Don't get to play if you show up late. take away play time. |
| What is Behavioral shaping? | the process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior, to eventually arrive at that behavior |
| What is Primary reinforcement? | Reinforcement based on a biologically based stimulus we like innately & automatically (e.g., food, warmth, human touch) |
| What is Secondary reinforcement? | Reinforcement based on a stimulus we have learned to like, because it has led to primary reinforcement in the past (e.g., applause, praise, money) |
| What is step one of aquisition of classical conditioning? | Step 1: UCS ( food ) -> UCR ( salivation ) |
| What is step 2 of aquisition of classical conditioning? | Step 2: UCS ( food ) + CS ( bell ) -> UCR ( salivation ) |
| What is step 3 of aquisition of classical conditioning? | Step 3: REPEAT |
| What is step 4 of aquisition of classical conditioning? | Step 4: CS ( bell ) -> CR ( salivation ) |
| Dwight and Jim(mint) | Classical conditioning trained to want mints when sound goes off. Sound(stimulus) happens before behavior |
| Sheldon and Penny (chocolates) | Operant conditioning ...taught...chocolate(stimulus) came after penny stopped talking. |
| What does the Circadian Rhythm thoery say? | biological patterns occur at regular intervals, based on time of day • Many creatures are quiet & inactive at night |
| Why Circadian Rhythm Theory? | • In the dark, more vulnerable to attack • We adapted to sleep at night because it reduced the risk of attack from predators (Evolutionary Psychology explanation) • Darkness triggers the release of melatonin(Bright light suppresses its production) |
| What is melatonin? | A hormone produced by the pineal gland in the brain that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles. |
| What is Thorndike's law of effect? | Behaviors followed by satisfying or positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unpleasant or annoying consequences are less likely to be repeated. |
| Lab with Thorndike's law lab | In groups. training pigeon to do action. use positive reinforcement by saying "good" when close to target behavior. Next use punishment to shape pigeon's behavior by saying "bad" when the pigeon does things far from the target behavior. |
| How many hours of sleep does the average person get? | The average person gets 8 hours of sleep. |
| What is the sleep wake cycle? | The sleep-wake cycle consists of alternating stages of non-REM (NREM) and REM sleep, which repeat throughout the night |
| How many stages does non REM sleep have? | 3 stages |
| What is stage 1 of Non REM sleep? | a light, transitional sleep |
| What is stage 2 of Non REM sleep? | Stage 2 is a deeper, light sleep with slowed heart rate and breathing |
| What is stage 3 of Non REM sleep? | the deepest sleep, important for physical restoration |
| What is REM sleep? | when dreaming occurs, and your brain is active while your body is temporarily paralyzed. |
| What happens during REM sleep? | Your eyes move quickly behind your eyelids, and brain activity increases to levels similar to when you are awake. This is the stage where most vivid dreaming occurs, and your muscles become temporarily limp to prevent you from acting out your dreams. |
| How many times do you cycle through REM? | Roughly 5 times/ night |
| How long does a regular sleep cycle take? | A full sleep cycle takes roughly 90-110 minutes, returning to stage 1 |
| What is an Electroencephalograph? | A device that measures electrical activity in the brain |
| What is REM sleep called? | Called “Paradoxical sleep” because the brain waves look awake |
| How does sleep change across lifespan? | Newborns spend most time sleeping(REM) During infancy the amount of REM sleep decreases, The amount of non-REM sleep drops until we reach adolecence, the older we get the less time we spend in deep non-REM sleep. |
| What happens during sleep peralysis? | the mind awakens before the body, sometimes accompanied by hallucinations |
| Stage 1 (Transitional Sleep) | Theta waves |
| Stage 2 (Light Sleep): | Predominant theta waves(short bursts of high-frequency activity) and K-complexes (large, negative waves). |
| Stage 3 (Deep Sleep): | Primarily delta waves (slow-wave sleep) |
| what is REM sleep behavior disorder? | act out dreams while sleeping, often negative, can be violent • most often seen in elderly males |
| What is Somnambulism? | walking and carrying out other actions while asleep; occurs in stages 3-4 • Most common among young children |
| What are Night/Sleep Terrors? | behaves as if terrified during sleep; occurs in stages 3-4 • Most common among young children • NOT the same as nightmares (which occur during REM) |
| What is insomnia? | inability to sleep, causing significant problems in daily living • Roughly 12% to 20% of adults have insomnia, especially women & older adults |
| What is Narcolepsy? | : neurological inability to regulate the sleep-wake cycle, including involuntarily falling asleep |
| What is sleep apnea? | waking up throughout the night gasping for breath, because the throat closes while sleeping • Usually don’t remember waking up • More common in middle-aged men; linked to obesity |
| What % of the time will a person waken from REM sleep will say they were dreaming? | 80% percent of the time, a person awakened from REM will say they were dreaming |
| What are charactersitics of REM dreams? | usually more story-like, more bizarre, more intense emotions and perceptual experiences, more acceptance of illogical events |
| Why is there often more negative emotion in REM dreams? | Because the brain’s emotion centers (in the amygdala) are very active |
| Why are the dreams in REM sleep often illogical? | Bcause the brain’s logic areas (in the frontal lobe’s prefrontal cortex) are less active |
| What are characteristics of Non-REM dreams? | Typically more bland & boring, with no storyline (e.g., what sweater should I wear?) |
| The Freudian/Psychoanalytic Model | Dreams reflect our deep, subconscious fears and desires – in disguise! (because we’re trying to hide them from ourselves) • There is no scientific evidence for this approach; it is impossible to study this idea scientifically! |
| The Activation-Synthesis Model | • Neurons activate/fire while we are asleep, some because we recently used them, others just randomly triggered (by the brainstem) • Then the brain tries to synthesize/knit all of that activation together into a story that (sort of) makes sense |
| The Threat-Simulation Model | bad dreams help us prepare for real-world threats |
| The Normative Comparison Approach | Collect dream info from a lots of people to get baseline rates, then compare someone’s dreams to that baseline to see what stands out |
| glymphatic system | clear out toxic waste that builds up during the day |
| How does the brain clean up toxins from brain? | by flushing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the brain tissue in waves, which washes away harmful proteins and metabolic byproducts. |
| Flushing process | This flushing process removes potentially harmful waste, such as the amyloid-beta protein, which is linked to diseases like Alzheimer's. |
| What is the role of neurons during the flushing? | Neurons act like tiny pumps during sleep, creating rhythmic brain waves that push cerebrospinal fluid through the brain. |
| What allows the CSF to flow more freely in the brain? | Cell shrinkage: brain cells shrink slightly, which increases the space between them and allows the CSF to flow more freely and effectively wash out waste. |
| Who is the scientist most associated with dreams? | sigmund Freud |
| What year was science able to get a look at the sleeping brain? | 1953 |
| What characteristics of REM sleep have scientists observed? | Muscle tone goes down, Sexually aroused, Brain waves, Heart rate and breathing unregular |
| What does it seem that cats dream about? | Cats dream about hunting prey and playing with mice. |
| What was the theory proposed by Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley? | Specific part of the brain that triggers REM sleep. Dreams are mos psychologically determined. Dreams have some pattern but no purpose. Brain making sence of signals sent from brainstem. |
| What does Robert Stickgold believe dreaming does for memory? | He beleives it makes the memory more useful for the future. REfines the memory |
| What ideas/inventions are said to have come to people in their dreams? | Major drugs, Periodical table, Sewing machine, Dr. Frankenstine |
| According to research which type of sleep helps people be more creative? | REM sleep |
| How might one try to harness the creative power of dreams? | Say to yourself what you want to dream about before you go to sleep |
| Which lobe if damaged, can cause us to no longer have dreams? | Parietal lobe |
| What is sleep like fro non dreaming patients? | Total blackness while asleep. No sensation when asleep or awake of dreaming. Multiple awakenings during the night. Less quality sleep. Awake during REM sleep. |
| How do the Attikamek people view dreams? | They view them as explinations to different parts of our lives. |
| How was Antonio Zadra able to anticipate that a middle-aged man he had studied would wind up divorcing? | Collected dat about man's dreams and noticed that majority of them were unhappy and involved his wife. By looking at these patterns he was able to anticipate the divorce. |
| What happened to the game scores of subjects who were allowed to go through REM sleep during their nap? | They scored 40% higher. |
| Why does Antti Revonsuo beleive our nightmares are good fo us? | Beleives they help us prepare for the future |
| What are the three stages of memory? | Encoding, Storage and Retrieval |
| Encoding: | Getting information into memory; the initial experience of perceiving & learning |
| Storage: | Maintaining information in memory over time |
| Retrieval: | Getting information out of memory, when needed (recall) |
| What is consolidation? | the neural process of stabilizing encoded memories, for storage |
| Feeling that a word is on the tip of your tongue | Retrieval failure |
| Not recognizing an old preschool teacher | Storage failure |
| Forgetting to go pick up your paycheck before 5 pm, because you were too busy | Retrieval failure |
| Not remembering where you put your keys when you got home, bc you were on the phone | Encoding failure |
| Not remembering the new password you selected yesterday | Storage failure |
| Not knowing the answer to an exam question because you were sleepy during that lecture | Encoding failure |
| What is memory reconsolidation? | The memory is reactivated and destabilized, and must then be restabilized. This is when it can be updated or modified. Taking an old journal entry out, making changes or adding notes then putting it back |
| Consolidation analogy | Writing a new entry in a journal and locking the book to keep it secure. |
| What is Sensory Memory? | • Stores a brief trace of all information coming in through our senses • Lasts only a fraction of a second |
| What is Working Memory (similar to Short-Term Memory, STM)? | • Temporarily stores, organizes, and manipulates info • Quickly decays (after 15-30 seconds) without rehearsal |
| What is Long-Term Memory (LTM)? | • Stores information for long periods of time • Relatively permanent storage (although it can decay) |
| attentional bottleneck | a limitation in the brain's ability to process multiple streams of information at once, forcing it to filter and prioritize what to focus on. roughley 13-50 seconds. holds only 7+_2units. Narrow spotlight of focus. |
| What is chunking? | Organize information into large chunks |
| Rehearsal | Repeat and revisit the information over & over extend this over a long period of time more rehearsal & the longer the time frame, the better it’s remembered |
| The Power of Depth of Processing | Deep processing involves meaningful connections and analysis, ideally with an emotional tone (funny, personal, etc.) |
| Retrieval Cues | If it feels “on the tip of your tongue”, you really are close to accessing the memory Bringing contextual associations to mind helps move you toward retrieval The more related memory cues you activate, more likely to activate the needed memory |
| What is the serial position effect? | psychological tendency to remember items from a list better if they are at the beginning or end, and to forget items in the middle. |
| Why doe the serial position effect happen? | because items at the beginning benefit from the primacy effect (more rehearsal, moved to long-term memory)while items at the end benefit from the recency effect (still in short-term memory) |
| Serial position effect lab | Grocery list on whiteboard, had to remember |
| How did Jean Piaget view children? | As active participants |
| How did Jean Piaget view congnitive developement? | Discontinuous stages |
| Piaget’s Cognitive Stage Theory | Sensorimotor (~0-2) Cognition linked solely to real-world events Pre-Operational (~2-6) Cognition involves symbol use Concrete Operational (~7-11) Concrete logical reasoning Formal Operational (~12+) Abstract logical & scientific reasoning |
| The Sensorimotor Period | Object Permanence Understanding that an object continues to exist even when you can’t see it. The A-not-B Error Search where the object was hidden previously, not where it’s hidden now |
| OP-Related Achievements: | • ~4-8 mos. - Pass basic Piagetian OP task • ~8-12 mos. - Stops making A-not-B error • ~18-24 mos.- Full Piagetian OP |
| The Pre-Operational Period | • Symbolic Representation • Egocentrism |
| Piagetian Egocentrism | Interviewer: Any brothers or sisters? Child: A 2-months-old brother. Interviewer: How does he behave? Child: He cries all night. Interviewer: Why is that, do you think? Child: He probably thinks he’s missing something on television. |
| Piaget’s Three Mountains Task | child views a model of three mountains and is then asked to identify what a doll would see from different vantage points around the table by choosing the correct picture from a set of photographs. |
| The Conservation Concept | Understanding that changing an object’s appearance doesn’t change its quantitative properties ~ 4-5 years: typically fail the final question ~ 7 years: typically pass the final question |
| The Formal Operational Period | Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning – Think hypothetically – Test hypotheses – Think through outcomes – Draw conclusions |
| Attachment | An enduring emotional bond between a child and a specific caregiver |
| Phases of Normal Attachment (John Bowlby | pre-attachment attachment-in-the-making clear-cut attachment formation of reciprocal relationships |
| Harry Harlow’s Attachment Experiments | Infant monkeys separated from mother shortly after birth • Placed in a cage with a wire & a terry-cloth “surrogate mother” • Milk bottle was attached to one of the two surrogates Bonded with the one without milk bottle |
| Mary Ainsworth's Attachement Styles | Secure Insecure Avoidant Resistant Disorganised 6. S returns 7. M returns |
| Individualistic cultures | Tend to value independence, competition, and personal achievement are important( U.S.A, England, Australia) |
| Collectivist Cultures | Tend to value social harmony, respectful, and group needs over individual needs( countries in Asia, Africa, and south AMerica, on average) |
| pre-attachment (birth to 6 weeks) | where infants don't show a specific preference |
| attachment-in-the-making(6 weeks-7 mon.) | where they begin to favor familiar people |
| clear-cut attachement(7mon.-2yrs) | where they form a specific bond and show separation anxiety |
| formation of reciprocal relationships(2 yrs and up) | where they understand the caregiver's patterns and the relationship becomes more balanced. |
Created by:
user-1948683
Popular Psychology sets