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PSYC 270 MID1*
Written question topics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Basic Concept: Cognitive Science | An interdisciplinary approach to the scientific study of the mind... Using all available scientific techniques and including all relative scientific disciplines. |
| Independent Variable | Manipulated by researchers to cause a change |
| Dependent Variable | Result of introducing the independent variable --The effect researchers measure |
| Encoding | The act of taking in information and converting it into a usable mental form --Mental representation |
| Parallel Processing | Multiple mental processes can operate simultaneously |
| Top-Down Processing | A.K.A. Conceptually-driven processing When existing context or knowledge influences earlier or simpler forms of mental processes |
| Bottom-Up Processing | A.K.A. Data-driven processing Building perceptions from sensory input |
| Methods of Investigating the Brain | -Lesions -Direct Stimulation -Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) -Electroencephalograms (EEG) -Structural Imaging -Metabolic Measures |
| Assumption: Materialism | Assumption of Cognitive Science; Matter and energy are all that exist. - All the things that the “mind” does can be seen as natural functions of the machinery of the brain |
| Assumption: Reductionism | Assumption of Cognitive Science; The attempt to understand a complex event or system by breaking it down into its components. Complex systems = sum of their parts |
| Assumption: Empiricism | Assumption of Cognitive Science; Emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory experience, in the formation of ideas. -Scientific Method |
| Basics of Science | Science makes assumptions about the world |
| Scientific Assumptions (3) | 1. Events are not merely random; there are patterns 2. These patterns have underlying causes/mechanisms 3. We can discover these causes |
| Wilhem Wundt | Developed Introspection Method -- Established Cognitive Psychology as its own science (1879) |
| Introspection | A method in which one looks carefully inward, reporting on inner sensations and experiences |
| Edaward Titchener | Developed Structuralism |
| School of Thought: Structuralism | Using Introspection to discover the structure of the mind (elements), what's in the mind and in what quantity. -- but not why things are in the mind |
| Hermann Von Ebbinghaus | Father of Memory Research |
| William James | Developed Functionalism Developed "Stream of Thought" |
| School of Thought: Functionalism | The study of functions that make consciousness, not based on structure. |
| John Watson | Founder of Behaviourism |
| Behaviourism | Scientific study of observable behaviour -"Anti-mentalistic" - Based on Stimulus/Response associations --Classical Conditioning --Reinforcement Principles |
| B.F. Skinner | Radical Behaviourist - Hardcore believer that Stimulus/Response relationships can explain all human behaviour |
| Challenges to Behaviourism | (1) Attention and Vigilance --Errors in executing learned behaviour (WW2) (2) Language Debate --Children's "Lexical Explosion" --Generative Capacity ^^ Criticism by Noam Chompsky (linguist) (3) Misbehaviour of Organisms --Not performing a learned |
| Science in everyday life | - Skeptical - Self-correcting science - Science is uncertain (tentative) -- No proof, just evidence |
| Standard theory of Human Cognition | - Modal Model of Memory - Encoding (SLIDE 28) |
| Three Components of Standard Theory/Model | (1) Sensory Memory (2) Short-term Memory (3) Long-term Memory |
| Ten Structures of a Neuron | -Cell body (Soma) -Nucleus -Dendrites -Axon hillock -Axon -Myelin sheath -Axon terminals/terminal button -Synapse -Synaptic Vesicles -Neurotransmitters |
| Neural Communication Process | Electrochemical |
| Function of a Neuron: Action Potential | - Electrical impulse that travels down the axon, triggering/stimulating the release of neurotransmitters --All-or-none principle |
| Function of a Neuron: Resting Potential and Voltage | (-70mV) Internal potential relative to the outside of the cell |
| Function of a Neuron: Depolarization and Voltage | Excitatory function - Adds positively charged ions -Neuron charge pushed up to (+30mV) or (+50mV) |
| Function of a Neuron: Repolarization and Voltage | Addition of negatively charged ions until resting potential (-70mV) achieved |
| Function of a Neuron: Synaptic Transmission | -Action potential travels to terminal button, stimulating vesicles to move and fuse with the membrane -Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse -Neurotransmitters bind to post-synaptic receptor sites |
| Function of a Neuron: Hyperpolarization | Inhibitory function -Adds negatively charged ions past resting potential - Dips below (-70mV) |
| Graded Postsynaptic Potentials | - Excitatory or Inhibitory - Increases (EPSP) or decreases (IPSP) the likelihood that the post-synaptic neuron will fire again |
| Brain Parts: The Cerebrum (4) | -Some limbic system structures -Basal Ganglia -Olfactory Bulb -Cerebral Cortex |
| Brain Part Functions: Cerebral Cortex | -Responsible for analyzing sensory experiences and higher level brain functions --E.g., language; metacognition; reasoning |
| Subcortical Structures: Corpus Callosum | -Integration of information between hemispheres |
| Subcortical Structures: Amygdala | -Processing emotions |
| Subcortical Structures: Thalamus | -Sensory relay station --All except smell |
| Subcortical Structures: Hippocampus | -Consciously accessible -Declarative memory --Retrieval and formation of memory |
| Cerebral Cortex Lobes | - Frontal lobes - Temporal lobes -Occipital lobes -Parietal lobes |
| Prefrontal Cortex | -Frontal lobes -Personality, planning, decision making, self awareness |
| Broca's Area | -Frontal lobe (Dominant hemisphere) -Language production |
| Motor Cortex | -Frontal lobes -Voluntary movement -Area size dedicated to function reflects precision of motor control needed |
| Central Sulcus | Divides the frontal lobes from the rest of the cerebral cortex |
| Somatosensory Cortex | Sensations of touch, pain, pleasure |
| Frontal Lobes | -Higher-level functions -Complex human behaviour, social skills, goal-oriented actions |
| Parietal Lobes | -Spatial perception and tracking -Relays information to motor cortex |
| Temporal Lobes | -Hearing -Memory Storage -Object and facial recognition |
| Types of Memory | -Autobiographical (Episodic) -Semantic |
| Wernicke's Area | Language comprehension |
| Occipital Lobes | -Visual processes -Visual cortex |
| Cerebral Lateralization & Specialization | Different functions or actions within the brain tend to rely more heavily on one hemisphere or the other or tend to be performed differently in the two hemispheres -- Hemispheric Specialization is not absolute |
| Lesion | Change in structure of a tissue/organ due to injury |
| Direct Stimulation | Direct application of electrical current to the surface of the cerebral cortex |
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) | Electromagnetic pulse delivered to a specific part of the brain --Strong pulse inhibits function --Weak pulse can increase function |
| Electroencephalograms (EEG) | Electrodes on a person's scalp pick up brain waves --Good temporal resolution --Poor spatial resolution |
| Structural Imaging | -Computerized Tomography (CT) -Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | Metabolic Measure -Increased blood flow to active areas of the brain --Radioactive isotope |
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) | Metabolic Measure -Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) -Both structure AND activity is seen |
| Neural Net Model | Connectionist Model Parallel distributed processing (PDP) model |
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