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Genetics unit (7th)
Words and description
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | The transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring: it is dependent upon the segregation and recombination of genes during meiosis and fertilization and results in the genesis of a new individual similar to others of its kind. |
| Trait | A distinguishing characteristic or quality, especially of one's personal nature. |
| Genetics | The science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms resulting from the interaction of their genes and the environment. |
| Fertilization | The action or process of gametes combining |
| Purebred | of or relating to an animal, all of whose ancestors derive over many generations from a recognized breed. |
| Gene | the basic physical unit of heredity; a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA, which, when translated into protein, leads to the expression of hereditary character. |
| Allele | any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation. |
| Dominant allele | a gene variant that expresses its corresponding trait in a phenotype even when only one copy is present in an individual's genetic makeup |
| Recessive allele | a gene variant that is only expressed in an organism's phenotype when two copies of the allele are present |
| Hybrid | the offspring of two animals or plants of different breeds, varieties, species, or genera, especially as produced through human manipulation for specific genetic characteristics. |
| Punnett square | in Mendelian genetics, a grid diagram used in breeding experiments to predict and display possible phenotypes and genotypes among the offspring. |
| Phenotype | the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment. |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits. |
| Homozygous | having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics. |
| Heterozygous | an individual with two different alleles (versions) of a particular gene, one inherited from each parent |
| Incomplete dominance | a genetic inheritance pattern where neither allele for a trait is completely dominant, resulting in a blended, intermediate phenotype in the heterozygote |
| Codominance | a type of non-Mendelian inheritance where both alleles for a gene are equally and fully expressed in an individual's phenotype |
| Multiple alleles | a situation where there are three or more different versions of a single gene within a population, even though an individual organism can only possess two of these alleles |
| Polygenic inheritance | a biological pattern where a single trait or characteristic is influenced by multiple genes, rather than just one gene |
| Messenger RNA | a molecule that carries genetic code from DNA in the cell's nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it serves as a blueprint for building specific proteins |
| Transfer RNA | a small RNA molecule that functions as an adaptor molecule during protein synthesis, linking messenger RNA (mRNA) codons to specific amino acids |
| Mutation | any permanent alteration in an organism's DNA or viral genome sequence |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | the pairs of numbered chromosomes (1-22 in humans) that are not sex chromosomes and do not directly determine an individual's sex |
| Protein Synthesis | the biological process where a cell creates proteins based on the genetic information from DNA |
| Gametes | a mature male or female cell that is capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex during fertilization to form a new diploid individual |
| Zygote | the first single cell formed when two gametes, typically a sperm and an egg, fuse during fertilization |
| Crossing Over | the process during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, resulting in recombinant chromosomes with new combinations of genes |
| Meiosis | a specialized type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse, haploid cells (gametes) from a single diploid parent cell |
| Ethics | the system of moral principles and standards that guide behavior and decision-making in scientific research, especially concerning living organisms and human well-being |
| Genome | an organism's complete set of DNA, encompassing all of its genes and the necessary information for an organism to develop and function |
| Gene therapy | a biological technique that treats or prevents disease by modifying a person's genes to alter the expression of a gene or change the properties of living cells |
| Genetic engineering | the process of directly altering an organism's DNA using laboratory techniques to introduce, remove, or modify genes, often to express new traits or suppress existing ones |
| Clone | a genetically identical copy of a cell, tissue, or organism, created through asexual reproduction or scientific techniques |
| Hybridization | the interbreeding of individuals from different varieties, subspecies, or species to produce offspring with mixed genetic material, known as hybrids |
| Inbreeding | the mating of closely related individuals (such as siblings or cousins) who share a common ancestor |
| Selective breeding | the biological process where humans choose organisms with desirable traits, like increased yield or specific physical features, and breed them together to produce offspring that inherit those chosen traits |
| Karyotype | an individual's complete set of chromosomes, or an image of these chromosomes organized by number, size, and shape |
| Pedigree | a standardized diagram that illustrates family relationships and tracks the inheritance of specific traits or genetic conditions across multiple generations |
| Genetic disorder | a health condition caused by abnormalities in a person's genetic material |
| Carrier | an individual who carries a recessive genetic mutation without showing symptoms but can pass it to offspring (a genetic carrier) or a specialized protein that transports molecules across a cell membrane (a carrier protein) |
| Sex-linked gene | a gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y) that determines a particular trait or characteristic |
| Sex chromosomes | a special type of chromosome that contains genes for the determination of an organism's sex and for the development of sexual characteristics |
| 67 | 67 |
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