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genetics Unit

TermDefinitionTermDefinitionTermDefinitionTermDefinition
heredity the biological process and result of transmitting genetic traits and characteristics from parents to offspring dominant allele a genetic variant that expresses its associated trait over a recessive allele, even when only one copy is present heterozygous an organism has two different alleles for a particular gene, one inherited from each parent carrier a genetic carrier, who possesses a gene for a trait or disease but doesn't exhibit symptoms, or a carrier protein, which is a membrane protein that transports specific molecules or ions across a cell membrane
trait a distinct characteristic or feature of an organism that can be observed, measured, or inherited, resulting from the interaction of genes and the environment Recessive allele a gene variant whose effect is masked by a dominant allele incomplete dominance a genetic pattern where the heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate blend of the two parental phenotypes genetic disorder a condition that results from changes or mutations in an individual's genes
genetics the scientific study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in organisms Hybrid the result of combining two distinct genetic lines, whether they are different races, varieties, breeds, or species, through crossbreeding Codominance a inheritance pattern where two different alleles (versions of a gene) are both fully expressed and equally apparent in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual pedigree a standardized diagram of a family tree that maps out the inheritance of genetic traits or diseases across multiple generations
fertilization the biological process in which a male gamete (sperm) fuses with a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote, the first cell of a new individual Punnet square a square grid used in genetics to predict the possible allele combinations of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents Multiple alleles occur when there are three or more different forms of a single gene present within a population karyotype the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual's cells, displayed as a visual profile that shows their number, size, and shape
purebred a true-breeding organism that, through selective breeding over many generations, consistently produces offspring with the same traits as its parents, or a predictable phenotype Phenotype the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment Polygenic inheritance when a single, complex trait is controlled by the combined effects of multiple genes, not just one Selective breeding the process where humans intentionally breed organisms with desirable traits together to produce offspring that inherit and express those specific characteristics
gene the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, made up of a specific sequence of DNA Genotype an organism's complete set of inherited genetic material or the specific combination of alleles for a particular gene Messenger RNA a molecule that acts as a temporary copy of genetic information from DNA, carrying instructions from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm where it directs the synthesis of specific proteins inbreeding the mating of closely related individuals within a population, which increases the likelihood of offspring inheriting identical (homozygous) alleles for a trait and thus makes recessive, potentially harmful, genetic traits more likely to be expressed
allele one of two or more different versions of a gene that can exist at a specific location on a chromosome Homozygous an individual with two identical alleles for a specific gene, meaning they inherited the same form of the gene from both parents Transfer RNA a small RNA molecule that acts as an adapter during protein synthesis, bringing specific amino acids to the ribosome to be added to a growing polypeptide chain hybridization the creation of offspring from two distinct parent species, varieties, or populations through sexual reproduction, resulting in a hybrid
mutation a permanent change in an organism's genetic material (DNA) Sex chromosomes a pair of chromosomes (like the X and Y chromosomes in humans) that are involved in determining the sex of an individual and the development of their sexual characteristics Sex-linked gene a gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y), which influences traits that are inherited differently in males and females due to the differing number and types of sex chromosomes they possess Clone an exact genetic replica of a cell, tissue, or organism
genetic engineering the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology to change its genetic makeup, often to introduce new or desired traits gene therapy a medical technique that involves the introduction of genetic material (DNA or RNA) into a patient's cells to treat or prevent diseases genome an organism's complete set of DNA, which contains all of its genes and instructions for developing, growing, and functioning ethics bioethics, the systematic reflection on moral, social, and political problems arising from the life sciences
meiosis a specialized type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes by half to produce four genetically diverse gametes (sex cells like sperm and eggs) from a single parent cell Crossing over a process that occurs during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange segments of their genetic material zygote the first cell of a new sexually reproducing organism, formed when a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) fuse during fertilization gamete a mature, specialized reproductive cell that contains half the genetic material of an organism and fuses with another gamete during fertilization to form a new individual
protein synthesis sis the biological process by which cells create proteins Autosomal chromosomes the numbered pairs of chromosomes (1 through 22 in humans) that are not involved in determining sex and carry genes for most of the body's traits
Created by: user-1989803
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