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Genetics
Genetics Vocab for 7th grade life science
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. |
| Trait | a distinguishing quality or characteristic, especially one belonging to a person. |
| Genetics | the biological study of genes and heredity, focusing on how traits are passed from parents to offspring through DNA |
| Fertilization | the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. |
| Purebred | an animal bred from parents of the same breed or variety. |
| Gene | a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. |
| Allele | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
| Dominant allele | a genetic version (allele) of a gene that expresses its associated trait even when only one copy is present, masking the effect of a recessive allele in a heterozygous individual |
| Recessive allele | a gene variant that only expresses its trait in an individual's observable characteristics (phenotype) when two copies of the allele are inherited, one from each parent |
| Hybrid | the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties, such as a mule |
| Punnett square | a grid used in genetics to predict the genotypes (genetic makeup) and phenotypes (observable traits) of offspring from a genetic cross between two parents |
| phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. |
| genotype | an organism's unique genetic makeup, its complete set of genes or DNA sequence, which is inherited from its parents and provides the code for specific traits like eye color |
| homozygous | an individual who inherits two identical alleles (versions) of the same gene from their parents |
| heterozygous | an organism has two different alleles (versions of a gene) for a particular trait, rather than two identical ones |
| incomplete dominance | a form of intermediate inheritance where neither of two alleles is fully dominant over the other, resulting in a heterozygous phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous parents' traits |
| codominance | a form of intermediate inheritance where neither of two alleles is fully dominant over the other, resulting in a heterozygous phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous parents' traits |
| Multiple alleles | three or more different forms of the same gene found within a population |
| polygenic inheritance | describes when a single phenotypic trait is influenced by multiple genes, often resulting in a continuous range of characteristics rather than distinct categories |
| messenger RNA | a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA in the cell's nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it directs the assembly of amino acids into specific proteins |
| Transfer RNA | a non-coding RNA molecule essential for protein synthesis, acting as an adaptor that links messenger RNA (mRNA) codons to specific amino acids |
| Mutation | a permanent, relatively permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene, which can result from errors during cell division or damage from environmental factors like radiation and chemicals |
| Sex chromosomes | a pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's biological sex. |
| Sex-linked gene | a gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y), leading to different inheritance patterns in males and females because they have different sex chromosomes. |
| Carrier | a person who carries a gene for a hereditary condition but shows no symptoms |
| Genetics disorder | a condition that results from changes in an individual's DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence |
| Pedigree | |
| Karyotype | |
| selective breeding | |
| inbreeding | |
| hybridization | |
| clone | |
| genetic engineering | |
| gene therapy | |
| genome | |
| ethics | |
| meiosis | |
| crossing over | |
| zygote | |
| gametes | |
| protein synthesis | |
| autosomal chromosomes |
Created by:
user-1980217
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