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Biology exam 2 part
This set of cards are the second unit of biology at csm, mainly abt biosphere &
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ecosystems | Community of living organisms and their interactions with abiotic environments; A complex system with many interacting parts (ex: Freshwater ecosystem, Marine [ocean] ecosystem, terrestrial ecosystems [biomes] |
| disturbances that can affect ecosystem composition | equilibrium, resistance, resilience |
| biome | terrestrial ecosystem; a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat |
| food chain | simple hierarchal representation of energy flow from one trophic level to the next trophic level; only shows linear sequence of organisms to represent number of trophic levels (does not show all organism/ trophic interaction) |
| trophic level | position of organism in food chain; number of levels depend on the energy from the first level 9primary producers) |
| primary producers | 1st trophic level; can produce their own food |
| consumers | trophic levels beyond the 1st (in order): primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, quaternary consumers... until it reaches the apex consumer (predator) |
| apex consumers | (aka apex predator) the top consumer in a food chain with no natural predators they maintain the balance of an ecosystem by regulating populations of other species |
| food web (part 1) | more representative model of ecosystem; holistic model attempts to quantify organisms, interactions and dynamics of entire ecosystems; show all interactions at multiple trophic levels (a web of branching patterns of interactions) |
| grazing vs detrital food webs | GRAZING: starts with primary producers having the sun as the source of energy DETRIAL: starts from dead and decaying plants/ animals having dead organic matter (think scavenger/ how vultures feed on dead animals) |
| detritus | organic matter made from decomposing remains of organisms, plants, and feces |
| food web (part 2) | data collected from experimental and observational studies -> models of ecosystems |
| autotrophs | an organism that can produce its own food from inorganic matter like light, water, carbon dioxide (etc.) |
| composers | aka producers or autotrophs : organisms that make their own food from inorganic materials/ chemicals |
| detritivores | decomposers: obtains nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing remains of an organism/ feces) |
| photoautotrophs (plants, algae, cyanobacteria) | synthesize sugars using light as energy source, base food chain for majority of ecosystems |
| chemoautotrophs | synthesize sugars using inorganic compounds as energy source |
| heterotrophs | acquire energy from consuming living or previously living organisms |
| biomass | total mass living or previously living organisms per unit area of a specific time |
| gross primary production | rate of energy assimilation through photosynthesis |
| net primary productivity | gross primary productivity minus energy used for metabolic activity (cellular respiration) |
| assimilation | biomass of present trophic level after accounting for energy lost due to incomplete ingested food, cellular respiration, undigested/ unabsorbed food |
| net consumer productivity | energy available to organism of next trophic level |
| ecological pyramids | model loss of energy at each trophic level; how much biomass, energy, or number of individuals each trophic level accounts for |
| hydrothermal vents | fissures in the sea floor out of which heated mineral-rich water flows; forms when seawater meets magma; provides nutrients, a unique ecosystem, and insight into geological processes-- supporting life in extreme conditions without sunlight |
| bioaccumulation | accumulation of substances (chemicals, nutrients, etc.) in a living organism at a rate faster than they can be eliminate |
| biomagnification | the concentration of toxins as a result of its ingesting ither plants or animals in which toxins are more widely disbursed; increases the issues of organisms as it travels up the food chain |
| atmosphere | the layer of gas surrounding the earth and supports life |
| hydroshpre | essentially the total amount of water on a planet; discontinuous layer of water at or near earth's surface-- including all forms of water liquid and frozen (groundwater, oceans, rivers, glacier, and) |
| lithosphere | rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle, continental and tectonic pates) |
| biosphere | zone of life on earth, encompassing all living organisms on and below the earth's surface |
| hydrological (water) cycle | [evaporation from bodies of water- condensation turns into clouds- precipitation rain/ snow- runoff flows back into water] influences climate & transports nutrients; high heat capacity (absorbs/retains/transports heat) a good solvent/ can dissolve a lot |
| carbon cycle | photosynthesis absorbs cCO2 to make glucose- respiration animals/ other organisms use glucose to release CO2, decomposition of plants/ animals/ fossil fuels both release CO2 [excess CO2= higher temps & CO2+H2O=carbonic acid = dissolves seashells] |
| nitrogen cycle | inert meaning it does not react to many things & not accessible to most lifeforms| found in protein, enzymes, DNA; used in fertilizers in the form of nitrates Ng+ammonia| fossil fuels-> nitrous oxide| decomposition-> ammonia |
| phosphorous cycle | found abundantly in mostly rocks| slowly leaches out of to other substances| PHOSPHATE: DNA, ATP energy, cell membranes, fertilizer, Mones teeth |
| sulfur cycle | abundant & easily transported| SO2+H2O/SO2=atmospheric cycle & sulfuric acid (acid rain)| most SO2 come from fossil fuels |
| Limiting agent | sulfur (limiting agent at a local level) |
| eutrophication | excessive growth/ nutrients creating dead zones |
| food chain vs food web | food chain: hierarchal examples of the flow of food from one trophic level to another does not show the interactions of organisms food webs :which holistic models represent all organisms in trophic levels/ is made by experimental/ observational data |
| biochemical cycles | sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, hydrological (water), carbon cycle| the natural pathways by which essential elements of living matter are circulated from the nonliving components |
| Why are elements like N, P, and S considered limiting agents in the ecosystem | are limiting agents because, despite being vital for the ecosystem, they cannot be directly useable |
| Explain why graphical models of ecosystems often have a pyramid shape. How does this also help to explain bioaccumulation and biomagnification? | in a pyramid form due to the flow of biomass, meaning the producers are the largest at the bottom because many eat it's while there are few apex predators because it does not need to have many as it is not a food source. It shows who consumes whom |
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