Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Abnormal Midterm
Abnormal Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biological Approach to Abnormality | psychological disorders can be explained by brain abnormalities. Brain Dysfunction, Biochemical Dysfunctions, Genes Abnormalities |
| Behavioral Approaches | Pavlov: classical conditioning (phobias) Skinner and Thorndike: operant conditioning Observational Learning |
| Cognition Approach | thought processes that influence behavior and emotion the event doesn't determine how people feel but the way they perceive it Beck: irrational thoughts of people with psychological disorders; cognitive therapy |
| Deinstitutionalization | mental patients can recover more fully or live fuller lives when they are integrated into the community deinstitutionalization goals never reached full potential and significantly decreased resources for those with psychiatric disorders |
| Clinical Psychologists | typically have PhD in psychology perform different psychotherapies but do not prescribe medicines |
| Psychiatric Nurses | have a degree in nursing, with specialization in treatment for people with psychological disorders use group therapies can sometimes prescribe medicine |
| Brain Dysfunction | can be caused by head injury or brain deterioration diseases (Alzheimer's) Phineas Gage: neuroplasticity |
| Biochemical Imbalances | Neurotransmitters: carry messages between neurons |
| Serotonin | emotional well-being aggressive impulses anxiety and depression |
| Dopamine | responsible for experiencing reinforcements and rewards control of over muscles (Parkinson's) affected by substance use |
| Norepinephrine | cognition, mood, gut motility decreased neurotransmitters in anxiety and depression |
| GABA | inhibits other neurotransmitters anxiety and depression |
| Hormone | carries messages throughout the body, affecting a person’s mood, level of energy, and reaction to stress |
| hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) | dysregulation can lead to anxiety and depression due to abnormal physiological reactions to stress |
| genetic abnormalities | alterations in the number or structure of chromosomes Down's Syndrome normally more than one abnormal gene causes psychological disorders |
| Benzodiazepines | type of anti-anxiety drug tranquilizers Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, Ativan highly addictive only effective short-term |
| Gene and Environment Interaction | 1. genetic factors influence the environments we choose and our personalities and interests (studies of separated twins) 2. the environment is a catalyst for genetic tendencies (maltreatment affects genes) |
| Epigenetics | environmental conditions affect the expression of genes |
| Behavioral Therapies | removal of reinforcements aversion therapy distraction therapy systematic desensitization response shaping through operant conditioning behavior contracting modeling and observational learning |
| Flooding | implosive therapy Exposes the individual to the dreaded or feared stimulus while preventing avoidant behavior phobias |
| Cognitive Therapies | help clients identify and challenge negative thoughts and dysfunctional belief systems Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: focusing on present issues (here and now) |
| Psychodynamic Approach | all behaviors thoughts and emotions are based on unconscious processes Freud: psychoanalysis |
| Catharsis | expression of emotions connected to memories and conflicts, which, according to Freud, leads to the release of energy used to keep these memories in the unconscious |
| Psychodynamic Therapies | Free association Interpersonal Therapy Transference |
| Humanistic Approach | people have the innate capacity to live a full life Carl Rogers: self-actualization |
| Humanistic Therapies | humanistic therapy: self-exploration client-centered therapy: unconditional positive regard for clients |
| Family Systems Approach | psychological disorders as a dysfunction of the family system instead of just the individual Therapy targets communication and problem-solving between family members |
| Third-wave Approach | combining cognitive and behavioral approaches Acceptance and Commitment therapy: avoiding painful thoughts is the root of problems |
| Sociological Approach | examine abnormal behavior as the responsibility of societies and not the individual Community psychology and social work |
| Cultural Relativism | the view that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal; instead, behaviors can be labeled abnormal only relative to cultural norms |
| Psychopathology | the scientific study of psychological disorders which focuses on the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior |
| 4 D's of Abnormality | dysfunction: unable to function in daily life distress: cause distress to self or others deviance: deviate from social norms dangerousness: suicidal gestures, potential to harm self or others, excessive aggression |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | excessive anxiety or worry that occurs often for over 6 months about anything can't control worry distress not contributed to by substances or other medical issues not better explained by other another mental disorder |
| Required symptoms of GAD (must have 3+) | Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge. Being easily fatigued. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank. Irritability. Muscle tension. Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying sleep). |
| Social Anxiety Disorder | anxiety about social situations and scrutinization by others actions of anxiety will be negative perceived social situations almost always provoke fear social situations are avoided persistent 6+ months CBT and SSRIs |
| Treatments for GAD | CBT: challenge worst fears SSRIs |
| Agoraphobia | fear situations in which escape is difficult or where help might not be available if they become anxious must have a fear of two or more situations treatment: flooding/exposure therapy |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | presence of obsession, compulsions or both obsession or compulsion is time-consuming or distressing with good or fair insight with poor insight with absent insight/delusional beliefs tic-related |
| Obsession | Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted, and cause marked anxiety or distress Individual attempts to neutralize them with compulsions |
| Compulsions | Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g. counting, repeating words silently) in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly unrealisitc acts to help reduce distress |
| Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy | treatment for OCD, along with SSRIs and antidepressants repeatedly exposes the client to the focus of the obsession and prevents compulsive responses to the resulting anxiety |
| fight or flight | a set of physical and psychological responses that help us fight a threat or flee from it |
| Anxiety sensitivity | belief that bodily symptoms have harmful consequences is labeled typical with panic disorder "shortness of breath means you will die" cognitive therapy treatments |
| Reuptake | process in which a sending neuron reabsorbs some of the neurotransmitter in the synapse, decreasing the amount left in the synapse |
| Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) | focuses on difficulties in managing negative emotions and in controlling impulsive behaviors mindfulness exercises aimed at increasing problem-solving skills, interpersonal skills, and skill at managing negative emotions |
| Systematic Desensitization | gradual method for extinguishing anxiety responses to stimuli and the maladaptive behavior that often accompanies this anxiety. This process teaches the client to remain deeply relaxed while visualizing a series of increasingly fearsome scenes |
| Anhedonia | social withdrawal, loss of pleasure, and hopelessness no interest in activities that were previously considered fun |
| Predictive Validity | addresses how well an instrument that is used for assessment, like a survey, can predict future behavior anxiety test has good predictive validity when it can correctly predict anxious behavior to future stressors |
| Face Validity | on face value, the items seem to measure what the test is intended to measure. For example, a questionnaire for anxiety that asks “Do you feel jittery much of the time?” and “Do you worry about many things?” |
| Content Validity | how well an instrument (i.e., a test or questionnaire) appropriately measures the content, theory, or phenomenon being studied. For example, questions on an AP Chemistry exam should be limited to the topics actually taught in that class |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) | the official manual for diagnosing psychological disorders in the United States |
| delusions | false beliefs |
| hallucinations | unreal perceptual experiences |
| Gender Differences in Suicide | women are more likely to attempt suicide men are more likely to complete suicide and use violent tactics (firearms) men are underdiagnosed and treated for depression |
| Hypomania | symptoms are not severe enough to interfere with daily functioning, do not involve hallucinations or delusions, and last at least 4 consecutive days (rather than a week) |
| Intelligence Tests | determine an individual’s level of cognitive functioning, and consists of a series of tasks that involve both verbal and nonverbal skills have cultural and economic biases Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale |
| IQ | intelligence quotient describe a method of comparing an individual’s score on an intelligence test with the performance of individuals in the same age group |
| Nonsuicidal Self Injury | repeatedly cut, burn, puncture, or otherwise significantly injure their skin with no intent to die those who engaged in self-harm are at higher risk for suicide common across anxiety and mood disorders |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Organic amnesia that involves the inability to remember new information |
| Retrograde Amnesia | most associated with dissociation, involves memory impairments that are mostly limited to memories for past events and personal history within psychogenic amnesia and organic amnesia |
| Direct Behavioral Observation | advantages: clinician sees firsthand how the individuals handle important situations Disadvantages: clients change behavior, low interrater reliability, raters may miss things, not always possible |
| Structured Clinical Interview | clinicians ask the individual a series of standardized questions about symptoms and use concrete criteria to score responses. Structured interviews offer the benefits of standardization and reliability but lack flexibility to ask client-specific questions |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | disruption of identity by 2+ personalities loss of sense of self and agency gaps in memory of important information or traumatic events clinically significant distress alters developed as a response to childhood trauma |
| Bipolar II Disorder | form of bipolar disorder in which only hypomanic episodes are experienced and the depressive component is more pronounced |
| Symptoms of Hypomania | inflated self-esteem decreased need for sleep more talkative racing thoughts distractibility increased goal-directed activity activites with painful consequences |
| Major Depressive Disorder | acute, but time-limited symptoms of depressed mood lasting at least 2 weeks that significantly impact daily function |
| Symptoms of MDD | depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day anhedonia significant weight loss or gain insomnia or hypersomnia psychomotor agitation or retardation diminished concentration feelings of worthlessness recurrent thoughts of death |
| Factitious Disorder (Munchausen's) | fabricate, simulate, or exaggerate the symptoms of a physical or mental illness through a variety of deceptive methods for the purpose of gaining attention intentionally provide false info for attention can be imposed on self or others |
| Learning Disorders | inaccurate or slow effortful reading, difficulty understand meaning of what is read, spelling, written expression (Dyslexia) difficulty mastering number sense, calculations, or facts, difficulty with math reasoning develops in adolescence |
| PTSD | exposure to trauma through direct experience, witnessing, to a friend, or work-related reexperiencing of the traumatic event, avoidance, negative changes in thought or mood, and hypervigilance or chronic arousal insomnia & dissociation |
| Context of PTSD | traumatic event symptoms duration: more than a month pre-existing conditions (family trauma or mental illness) environmental and social factors sociocultural context treatments: CBT, Exposure therapy, EMDR, SSRIs, SNRIs |
| Somatic Symptom Disorder | - Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one’s symptoms. - Persistently high level of anxiety about health or symptoms. - Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns - persistent for 6 months |
| Mood Disorders | Bipolar I: mania and hypomania (one week) Bipolar II MDD Cyclothymic: alternates between hypomania and depressive episodes; 2 years; not sufficient enough for other disorders Cycling Bipolar: 4 or more mood episodes within one year |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder | 2 year of depressed mood more days than not 1 year for adolescents poor appetite, insomnia, fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, hopelessness cannot have been without symptoms for over 2 months |
| Conversion Disorder | Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder medically unexplainable neurological symptoms paralysis, tremors, blindness, mutism, nonepileptic seizures, loss of hearing, severe loss of coordination, difficulty swallowing, pseudocyesis, anesthesia in a limb |
| Cognitive Theories of Depression | Negative Cognitive Triad: negative view of self, world, & future Learned Helplessness: explain negative events through internal causes Rumination: intently focusing on negative feelings |
Created by:
user-1983030
Popular Psychology sets