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PSYC*465 Midterm
Quizzes for Psychology and the Law
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Forensic psychologists can play 3 types of roles in their interactions with the law. These three roles include... | Advisor, Evaluator, and Reformer |
| In terms of goals and objectives, which statement best distinguishes psychology from the law? | Psychology aims to understand and explain human behavior, while the law is concerned with regulating human behavior |
| True or False: Psychologists acting as an evaluator in the legal system may conduct research on whether a treatment is showing successful results | True |
| Some significant differences in Psychology and the Law include what? | Psychologists must provide unbiased opinions while those in the legal system will advocate for their clients & the legal system is based on the process of reason and the principle of certainty while psychology uses empirically studied evaluation tools |
| What best describes the field of psychology and the law, sometimes called forensic psychology? | The application of psychological principles to examine and or aid various aspects of the legal system |
| A man confidently states that he's more powerful than world leaders, invented technology that could cure all diseases, and insists that he is destined to rule the world. He is unwavering in these beliefs. What delusion is he experiencing? | Grandiose |
| A patient talks in a way that is difficult to follow. When asked about her day, she says: “The sun shines brightly, and bright lights make me think of stars, stars are in movies, movies move fast, and fast cars go vroom.” What psychotic symptom is this? | Disorganized thinking |
| A 45-year-old man reports that he is sexually aroused by inflicting pain and humiliation on a non-consenting partner. He has acted on these urges in the past, causing significant harm and distress to others. What paraphilic disorder does this describe? | Sexual sadism disorder |
| True or False: Substance Use Disorders are classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the number of diagnostic criteria an individual meets | True |
| What is the primary purpose of the APA Code of Conduct? | A set of guidelines created by the American Psychological Association designed to ensure ethical behavior and decision-making among psychologists |
| True or False: Based on their research, Kassin and his colleagues determined that police officers with training are better than college students at detecting when a suspect is lying | False |
| What physiological indicators does a polygraph primarily measure? | Respiration, skin conductivity, and cardiovascular activity |
| What is the "Control Question" commonly used for in polygraph examinations? | Neutral questions to establish a baseline response |
| What is a reason that law enforcement might incorrectly label a person as guilty or lying? | Confirmation bias and liars stereotype |
| True or False: The following is a relevant question that could be asked during a polygraph examination... "Did you shoot John?" | True |
| What is a significant weakness of the polygraph test? | Psychopaths can be non-reactive, it can be easily fooled by people employing specific self-stimulating techniques, people who are generally anxious may fail due to reacting too strongly to questions |
| True or False: Private employers are prohibited from using the polygraph as a requirement for employment under the Polygraph Protection Act | True |
| What best describes the Daubert Standard for admitting expert testimony in U.S. courts? | It gives judges the role to determine whether evidence/expert testimony is admissible based on 5 criteria |
| What is true regarding polygraph testing? | False positives and false negatives can occur |
| True or False: Polygraph evidence has a strong influence on jury members | True |
| What best explains how the Guilty Knowledge Test typically works? | It assesses physiological responses to crime-relevant information that only the suspect would know |
| The Reid Technique is a nine-step interrogation technique that focuses on these 4 types of psychological strategies... | Loss of control, social isolation, certainty of guilt, and minimization of culpability |
| What percentage of suspects waive their Miranda Rights and are therefore subject to interrogation? | 80% |
| What is a common factor contributing to false confessions? | Having a low IQ and mental illness |
| True or False: Innocent individuals are less likely to be coerced into giving a false confession because they know they are innocent | False |
| What is a benefit of recording interrogations? | It provides a record of the interrogation process and reduces the risk of coercion and it allows interrogators to learn how to improve their their interrogation tactics |
| What reasons explain why juveniles are particularly vulnerable to false confessions? | Their susceptibility to impulsiveness and suggestibility, and their underdeveloped pre-frontal cortex |
| Addy has schizo and is easily confused. She feels like she’s being watched. After an hour recorded interrogation, Addy says she could see herself killing someone if they were after her. The interrogators take this as a confession. | Internalized-voluntary |
| Toby has been in the interrogation room for 7 hours; he hasn’t used the restroom yet and hasn’t been given an attorney. He asked for water, but has none. He has denied every accusation, the interrogators still say he did it. He confesses so it will end. | Instrumental-coerced |
| Jason’s brother tells him that he accidently killed someone during a robbery. After they both were called in as people of interest, Jason confesses to the murder because he thinks that his brother would not survive in jail. | Instrumental-voluntary |
| True or False: Eyewitness identification is the most compelling and persuasive evidence to jury members, leading to the highest rate of wrongful convictions | True |
| What is a double-blind lineup and what is its purpose? | A procedure where the administrator of the procedure does not know who the suspect is, preventing bias or influence |
| What is the role of the "filler" in a lineup or photo array? | An innocent person who looks similar to the suspect |
| The three-stages of memory include... | Encoding, Storing, and Retrieving |
| What does the term "weapon focus" refers to the context of eyewitness identification? | The tendency to focus on the suspect's weapon rather than their face |
| What does the cross-race bias effect in eyewitness identification refer to? | The tendency for witnesses to be less accurate when identifying individuals from a different racial group than their own |
| What is NOT a factor that influences eyewitness memory? | Contextual bias |
| What is the primary purpose of the Manson criteria in evaluating eyewitness identification? | To assess the reliability and validity of an eyewitness' identification/testimony |
| What best describes key requirements and the purpose of the Eyewitness Identification Reform Act? | It requires that lineups be conducted by an independent administrator, that the eyewitness be given particular instructions (e.g. that the perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup), and aims to improve procedures in order to avoid misidentifications |
| What is the primary purpose of the Cognitive Interview technique in eyewitness identification? | Improving the accuracy of memory recall or the quantity of the memory |
| What is NOT considered a standard step in the established process of criminal profiling? | Executing an arrest based solely on the developed profile |
| What best distinguishes an offender's modus operandi (MO) from their signature in criminal profiling? | MO can change as the offender gains experience, while signature tends to remain the same and symbolic for the suspect |
| What best describes the FBI's "organized vs. disorganized" classification system? | A typology that groups offenders by patterns in the crime scene (e.g. planning) and characteristics (e.g. intelligence) |
| Appears to carefully select his victims. Victims are held captive for several days before being killed. The bodies are found in remote wooded areas. Leaves taunting notes for the police, bragging about his control over the victims and the investigators. | Organized/Power-oriented killer |
| he victims are killed suddenly, often in their own homes or near their places of work. The attacks are sloppy and violent, usually involving blunt force trauma with objects of opportunity. He believed that such women are “immoral” and should be “punished” | Disorganized/Mission-oriented killer |
| What is a common characteristic of female serial killers compared to their male counterparts? | They are more likely to select vulnerable populations and have financial motive |
| True or False: Psychopathy is a diagnosis | False |
| What is the main goal of geographical profiling in criminal investigations? | To predict the offender's home base |
| What traits would NOT be classified as a core symptom on Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)? | Genuine emotional responses |
| What distinguishes white-collar psychopaths from other types of psychopaths? | They are less likely to engage in violent crimes and therefore less likely to get caught |
| What is NOT a typical step in the jury selection process? | Preparation of the witness |
| What is voir dire questioning? | A process where attorneys question potential jurors to determine biases or prejudices |
| A for cause challenge in jury selection refer to what? | Objections raised by attorneys based on potential juror biases or legal disqualifications |
| Peremptory challenges allow attorneys to: | Remove potential jurors without providing a reason |
| What is a potential consequence of biased jury selection? | A mistrial is declared, the trial may be delayed, the defendant's right to a fair trial is compromised |
| What factors are typically considered during jury selection? | Age, gender, and occupation; race, ethnicity, and religion; residence, education, and prior experiences |
| What is the main goal of a trial consultant? | Enhance trial effectiveness and increase chances of success |
| A trial consultant may work with the prosecution or defense to help with which legal proceedings? | Jury selection and attorney communication |
| Some criticisms of trial consultants include: | Lack of regulation and trial consultations favor the rich |
| True or False: A trial consultant is legally not allowed to use social media as a jury selection tactic | False |
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