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Unit 0
AP Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Critical Thinking | Thinking that doesn't automatically accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions,appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
| critical thinking beats common sense | Psychological scientists use critical thinking to determine whether scientifically derived evidence supports their assumptions. Critical thinking helps us discard myths and seek truth. |
| Hindsight Bias | The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) |
| hindsight bias | When drilling its deep water Horizon oil well in 2010, BP employees took shortcuts and ignored warning signs. After the resulting oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, with the benefit of 20/20 hindsight, the foolishness of those judgement became obvious. |
| overconfidence | In our judgement results partly from our bias to seek information that confirms them. |
| Peer Reviewers | Scientific experts who evaluate a research article's theory, originality, and accuracy. |
| Theory | An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predict behaviors and predicts behaviors or events. |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
| Falsifiable | The possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment. |
| Operational definition | A carefully worded statement of the exact procedure (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. (Also known as operationalization.) |
| Replication | Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced. |
| Scientific Method | A self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis. |
| Case study | A non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
| Naturalistic Observation | A non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. |
| Survey | A non-experimental technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. |
| Social Desirability Bias | Bias form people's responding in ways they presume a researcher expect or wishes. |
| Self-report Bias | Bias when people report their behavior inaccurately. |
| Sampling Bias | A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample. |
| Random Sample | A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
| Population | All those in a group are being studied, form which random samples may be drawn. (Note: Except for national studied, this doens't refer to a country's whole population.) |
| Correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how eel either factors predict the other. |
| Correlation Coefficient | A statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.00 to +1.00) |
| Variable | Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure. |
| Scatterplot | A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation. |
| correlation | Doesn't imply a cause-effect relationship. |
| Illusory Correlation | Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship. |
| Regression Toward The Mean | The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average. |
| Experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). |
| Experimental Group | It is an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment- that is, to one version of the independent variable. |
| Control Group | In an experiment, the group is not exposed to the treatment-; contrast with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |
| Random Assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexist differences between the different groups. |
| Single-Blind Procedure | An experimental procedure in which the research participants are ignorant (blind) about whether they have received the treatment or a placebo. |
| Double-blind Procedure | An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. |
| Placebo | "I shall please" Effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration if an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. |
| Independent Variable | In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated is the variable whose effect is being studied. |
| Confounding Variable | In an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results. |
| Experimenter Bias | Bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs. |
| Dependent Variable | In an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is being manipulated. |
| Validity | The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what is supposed to. |
| Quantitative Research | A research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data. |
| Qualitative Research | A research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers. |
| Informed Consent | Giving potential participant enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. |
| Debriefing | The past experimental explanation of a study, including its propose and any deceptions, to its participants. |
Created by:
Leo12345
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