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GEOG 201 midterm 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Geographic Information Science | scientific context/underpinnings of GISystems |
| Geographic Information Systems | -a computer-based system that edits, stores, manages, alters, analyzes, models, and displays geospatial data -integrates basic geographic base data with specialised geospatial data (base and theme maps) |
| What does a GISystem consists of? | -hardware -software -people -methods -data |
| What does GIScience consists of? | -Geography -Cartography -Remote Sensing -Database Management Systems -Digital Imaging Processing/Geo-Visualization -Computer Aided Design |
| spatial technologies | technology that records and represents information spatially |
| geospatial technologies | technology that records explicit locations on the earth’s surface (or any other planet) |
| how does a GISystem work? | -collection of theme layers that are not a representation of the real world, but only of selected phenomena -phenomena ->data ->data saved in layer -> one theme per layer |
| what can a GISystem do? | basics: -enter - save - manipulate - query - analyse - model - visualize - print application: -Locating - Conditioning - Trend analysis - Routing - Modelling |
| conventional features of maps | -north oriented -euro-centric -land-water-boundaries |
| explain how these challenge our conventions | -T-O -McArthur's Universal corrective -Davies Europe -pacific centered - IDL? -Mecca centered -european city point -waterway name |
| what are key map making conventions? | -visualization - abstraction - production |
| what does a map do? | -visualization -complexity reduction -spatialization |
| map types | -topographic -thematic |
| map scales | -large -medium -small |
| map sources | -institutional -government -commercial -open source |
| cartography in antiquity | -greeks laid surveying groupwork -romans condensed knowledge for admin/taxes -4th c. road map of whole roman empire (4 meters) |
| cartography in the middle ages | -flat earth -3 continents -T-O map -surrounded by ocean -til 15th c. |
| Ebstorf world map | -start of crusades -exploration and info (NOT navigation) -exhibit theological dominance -13th c. |
| Islamic cartography | -climactic zones -kept greco-roman knowledge -very detailed -12th. c. -s. facing, centered on Arabia |
| Chinese cartography | -first printed map -advanced maps -12th c. |
| transition toward modern cartography | - new knowledge through the Crusades - renaissance of the antiquity - new Mediterranean trade networks - transformation of mapping techniques - changes in visualizing spatial phenomena - transformation of map use - increase map distribution |
| Portolans | -made to help ships navigate --N. oriented --wind direction --land-water boundary --city labels --trade routes |
| Ptolemy | -books describing map created --N. oriented -100 CE --grid system --equator, prime meridian --land-water boundary |
| the first globe | -round world -wanted to go to "new" parts of world -missing americas -1492 |
| first world maps with 'America' | -1507 -made for duke of luxembourg |
| first atlases | -created by mercator |
| Mercator projections | -dominate projection used -important for navigation -able to use map and compass -sphere-> place, angles=compass -distorted landmass, works well in center |
| modern nautical chart | -still use mercator projection to measure distance |
| cartography and nation building | cassini map -used to show rule +power -fndtn of nation-states -necessary for early capitalism -land ownership + modern econ -property tax |
| prime meridians | -cassini map had paris as prime meridian -based on context in audience -now in Greenwich, UK --want for standard trade map --based on UK colonial power -arbitrary based on power |
| state cartography | -each country made own maps to tax citizens + wage war -first private cartography + publishing |
| advent of thematic maps | -start w/ % of male school attendance -description of London's poverty to get parliment action |
| aerial images | -spy planes, hot air ballons --useful in war behind enemy lines -fast dev. in 20th c. b/c of world wars |
| Satellite images | -1957 Sputnik I -no treaty ever formed to regulate them -challenge to territorial sovereignty -changed war and espionage -enhanced understanding of ecosphere -radar, visual, thermal, etc |
| Geography information systems | -roger tomlinson @ canada land inventory |
| digital globes | -google maps & earth, 2005 |
| the geoweb | -geospatial on the internet |
| Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) | -build + work in virtual places and simulations -changes view of existing world |
| map content ex: flight round the world | - base map - coordinate system - toponyms - weather data - flight data - data from within the airplane - topological data - times of day - astronomical dat |
| mapping decisions | - Projection - Scale - Map extract - Grid - Country names - Ocean names - Course of time - Orientation - Colouring - Font - Symbologies - Extra info in map frame - Legend -etc |
| what can be mapped? | anything! |
| data | phenomena =/ data |
| primary data | -own collection - GNSS - smart phones - aerial imagery -etc |
| secondary data | - scanned maps - authorities - crowd-sourcing |
| how do we get data | -paper -files -databases/APIs -webscraping |
| types of data that can be displayed on maps | -individual v. aggregated -continuous v. discrete -field v. object base -points |
| qualitative symbology | -symbols - fonts - pictograms - icons - distinct colours |
| quantitative symbology | -varying hues -increasing point or line thickness |
| nominal (categorical) | =≠ ex. hair color |
| ordinal (categorical or metric) | =≠ < > ex. MLB standings |
| interval (meteric) | =≠ < > + − ex. temperature |
| ratio (metric) | =≠ < > + − ×÷ age |
| how to turn data to maps | - Old school (paper - Graphic design software - Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - Open, web-based crowd-sourcing platforms |
| symbols | -contain concept and graphics -area/polygon, line, point symbols |
| function of symbols | -produce resemblance - Generate differentiations - Display relations - Reproduce conventions - Reach standardization |
| graphic semiology | -size -value -hue -saturation -orientation -shape -arrangement -texture |
| point symbols | -form -size -proportion |
| area symbols | -display qualitative data -display quantitative data - Classification |
| Displaying quantitative data | -absolute numbers -density -rates/average -standard deviations -choropleth map cartogram -relative symbols |
| Displaying qualitative data | with textues |
| class break methods | -equal intervals -natural breaks -quantiles -standard deviations |
| classification of area symbols and class breaks | - Displayed range = classified data - classes should not overlap - classes should not be empty -should be mutually exclusive - classification method/algorithm - watch for outliers -chose number of classes and breaks well |
| line symbols | -Allow displaying dynamic or directional spatial processes |
| effects of color | -keep accessibility in mind -older people, colorblind |
| suggestive choice of color | -natural colors -sensory value of colors -stimulus of light & color weight -simultaneous contrast -don't have too many colors |
| importance of text on maps | -most important explanatory element of a map - Variation of shape and color allows describing qualities -Variation of font size allows describing quantities - Disadvantages of labels: low geometric expressiveness lots of space required |
| fonts | -type -emphasis -weight -width -size -color -spacing -caps -letter care |
| olacing of labels | -Clear reference to point objects - Adapted to line objects - if possible, completely within area objects - Prefer horizontal arrangement - Labels without interruptions and crossings - Keep reading direction within the map |
| john snow and 1854 cholera outbreak map | -use of mapping to understand and solve problems -trace pollution and disease |
| object as smallest GIS unit | attributes -thematic data -geometrical data -topological data |
| object dimensions | - null-dimensional objects are points - one-dimensional objects are lines - two-dimensional objects are areas |
| complex objects | add vertices and nodes |
| feature classes | -objects assigned to feature classes -only store objects of one geometry type --points, lines, polygons, texts |
| geometry of vector data | -saved in vertices/nodes & determined through coordinates -coordinates dependent on coordinate system -types: points, lines, polygons |
| cartesian coordinate system | x,y determine location |
| spherical coordinate system | angles 𝜃 and 𝜑 determine the location |
| geometry | form of an object (points) |
| topology | -positional relationship of objects (edges) -describe spatial relationship between neighborhood relationships, connectivities, affiliation properties -derived from geometric info |
| vector data storage | -stored/maintained as data sets in files or database systems -relational database system (entity-relationship-model) |
| measurement (point distance) | -as the crow flies (pythagorean theorem/euclidean) -manhattan distance (row/column) -network distance (shortest weighted path from nodes along lines) -spherical distance |
| measurement (line distance) | -perpendicular to line - to closest vertex |
| measurement (polygon distance) | -closest points -centroids |
| polygon centers | -Mean centre (of the polygon's coordinates) - Centre of gravity (of the polygon), aka centroid - MBR centre (MBR = minimum boundary rectangle, aka bounding box of a polygon) |
| overlay analysis | - superimposes multiple data sets together for the purpose of identifying relationships between them - creates a composite map by combining the geometry and attributes of the input data sets |
| overlay vector analysis | - overlays polygons in one layer over polygons in another layer -overlay point or line features over polygon layers - Also referred to as topological or logical overlay - more demanding than raster overlay |
| f vector overlay operations | -Intersection - Clip - Union - Identity - Subtract/Difference/Erase - Symmetric Difference |
| clip | -computes geometric intersection of polygons in input and clipping layer -only features are preserved that fall in clipping layer polygon -output layer can only have attributes from input layer |
| proximity analysis | -modifies/creates features based on distance |
| buffers | -measure the area of the buffer zone - perform overlays -determine which features in other layers occur either within or outside the buffer |
| problems in vector data analysis | - topological integrity - sliver polygons (or slivers) - modifiable area unit problem MAU |
| topological integrity | - overshooting - undershooting - missing intersection - double boundaries /overlapping polygons |
| sliver polygons | -small regions result from spatial overlay of different layers where the boundaries don't precisely match - product of different generalisations of two layers or digitizing errors - can cause failure of topological integrity - need to be removed |
| modifiable area unit problem (MAUP) | -depends on how you create/define boundaries -method of aggregation: spatial patterns/results differ when data grouped/aggregated w/ dif methods/units - gerrymandering -scale: spatial patterns/results differ when presented on different spatial scales |
| geocoding | -determine geographic position of an address -complete v. incomplete address -interpolating address -address/point of interest -direct/indirect match |
| Georeferencing | place an image in physical space by assigning coordinates to |
| Geolocating / Geopositioning | used to determine or estimate the geographic position of an object |
| Reverse Geocoding | finding an address to a geographic position |
| geocoding (broad) | determining the geographic position of a place name or object in physical/geographic space |
| field-based modelling | -made by tessellation -raster or TIN |
| raster data | -No differentiation of objects possible -topology only determined by neighborhood of adjacent cells -lines to represented as connected pixels (manhattan or chessboard) |
| resolution | -pixel size -objects smaller than pixels can't be displayed lossless |
| raster sources | - Aerial imagery - Satellite imagery - Scanners - Conversion from vector data - Interpolation |
| raster geometry | -fixed grid -pixels have fixed size -raster located by coordinate of lower left corner |
| DSM | follows natural and human-made features on the earth surface |
| DEM/DTM | follows the bare-earth according to a geodesic datum, in USA DEM has break lines |
| raster analysis | -done with map algebra -output resolution defined by coarsest input resolution -masks delineate boundaries -windows define areas of analysis |
| map algebra | -Set-based algebra applied cell-wise to geospatial data -intro'd by Dana Tomlin |
| types of map algebra | - constant values - reclassifying grid cell values - summarizing values of several grid cells - mathematical function of layered raster images -mask/masking |
| comparison of raster and vector data | recreate table -data structure -attention to detail -storage space -topology -theme/attribute data -process of intersection -display |
| emergence of modern map-making conventions | -swiss asked dalfour to create standard mntn mapping -shading, etching strategies |
| maps as a social construction | -maps wear masks |
| how maps work | -maps as weapons |
| the vinland map | -significance to certain communities |
Created by:
sarahm-m
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