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Definitions
Pharmacology
| Term | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| Drug | chemicals that act on living systems at the molecular level | |
| Pharmacology | the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms | |
| Pharmacodynamics | the study of the action of drugs on living organisms | |
| Pharmacokinetics | he study of what the body does to a drug; the measurement of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drug from the body. | |
| Brand (trade) name | he manufacturer’s name, written with the first letter capitalized (e.g., Valium, Vazepam, Tylenol). | |
| Generic name | name for the chemical makeup of a drug, written in lowercase, first letter NOT capitalized (e.g., diazepam for Valium or Vazepam, acetaminophen for Tylenol). Generic drugs marketed without brand names are less expensive than brand name drugs. | |
| Black Box Warning | is a warning placed on specific drugs, so everyone understand the serious safety concerns associated with the drug. BBW are typically about potentially fetal, life-threatening, or disabling adverse effects of the medication | |
| Chemically equivalent | when two formulations of a drug meet the chemical and physical standards | |
| Biologically equivalent | when two formulations of a drug produce similar concentrations of the drug in the blood and tissues | |
| Therapeutically equivalent | when two formulations of a drug prove to have equal therapeutic effects | |
| Orphan drugs | drugs developed to specifically treat rare medical conditions | |
| Toxicology | the study of the harmful effects of drugs on living tissues | |
| Contraindications | medical or physical conditions that make the drug inadvisable | |
| Synergism | getting more than the desired effects when taking two drugs (1+1>2) (e.g., oxycodone + acetaminophen = Percocet) | |
| qd | once a day (quaque die) | |
| bid | twice a day (bis in die) | |
| tid | 3 times a day (ter in die) | |
| qid | 4 times a day (quarter in die) | |
| pc | after meals (post cebum) | |
| ac | before meals (ante cebum) | |
| po | by mouth (per os) | |
| prn | as needed (pro re nata) | |
| hs | at bedtime (hora somni) | |
| Schedule I | Highest | No accepted medical use |
| Schedule II | High | Written Rx, No Refills |
| Schedule III | Moderate | Faxed or electronic Rx No more than 5 refills in 6months |
| Schedule IV | Less | Faxed or electronic Rx No more than 5 refills in 6 months |
| Schedule V | Least | Can be bought over-the-counter |
| -olol | Beta Blocker (BB) | |
| -pril | Ace Inhibitor | |
| -sartan | ARB | |
| -dipine | Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) | |
| Digoxin (Lanoxin ) | Cardiac Glycoside | |
| -ide | Diuretic | |
| -actone | Potassium-Sparing Diuretic | |
| -statin | Antihyperlipidemic | |
| -statin | Antifungal (nystatin (Mycostatin)) | |
| -tidine | H2 blockers | |
| -prazole | PPI | |
| -azole | Antifungal | |
| -cillin | Antibacterial | |
| -cycline | Tetracyclines | |
| -fil | PDE 5 inhibitors | |
| -vir | Antiviral | |
| -one | Corticosteroids | |
| -onate | Bisphophonate | |
| -Pam & Lam | Benzodiazepines | |
| -pine | Antipsychotic drugs | |
| -Pram/Tine | SSRI | |
| -line | TCA | |
| -terol | Beta-2 Agonists | |
| -triptan | Anti-migraine (5-HT agonist) | |
| Low Dose-Effect Curve | Measuring the response to the dose of the drug | |
| Potency | The amount of drug required to produce an effect | |
| Efficacy | related to the maximal effect of a drug regardless of dose | |
| Therapeutic action/effect | the intended or desired results | |
| Therapeutic range | range between the dose causing the minimum effect and the dose causing the minimum adverse effect. | |
| Therapeutic index (TI) | number that determines the safety of a drug. (the greater the TI, the safer the drug) | |
| Efficacy | is the maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug Don’t forget to make your flash cards in | |
| Renal | Kidney | |
| Hepatic | Liver | |
| Biotransformation | is the body’s way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys. | |
| Tolerance | the need for an increasingly larger dose of the drug to obtain the same effects as the original dose | |
| Duration | is the length of a drug’s effect | |
| Half-Life | the half-life of a drug is the amount of time that passes for its concentration to fall to half (50%) of its original blood level. | |
| Median effect dose (ED50) | is the dose required to produce a desired clinical effect in 50% of test subjects. A low effective dose is preferred because it means less drug is needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. | |
| Lethal Dose (LD50) | is the amount of a substance that causes death in 50% of a test population. A lower LD means the substance is more toxic | |
| Therapeutic effects | clinically desirable actions | |
| Adverse effects | undesirable reactions | |
| Toxic reaction | the desired effect is excessive | |
| Side effect | dose-related reaction that is not part of the desired therapeutic outcome | |
| Contraindication | an aspect of a patient’s condition that makes the use of a certain drug or therapy an unwise or dangerous decision | |
| Idiosyncratic reaction | genetically related abnormal drug response | |
| Drug Allergy | immunologic response to a drug resulting in a reaction such as a rash or anaphylaxis | |
| Interference with natural defense mechanisms | when a drug reduces the body’s ability to fight infections | |
| Teratogenic Effect | abnormality in fetal development caused by exposure to certain substances, such as drugs, chemicals, or infections during pregnancy | |
| Type I hypersensitivity | Immediate hypersensitivity reactions. IgE antibodies: produces vasodilation, edema and the inflammatory response. bronchioles, resulting in anaphylactic shock. Respiratory, results in rhinitis and asthma. Skin results in urticaira | |
| Type II hypersensitivity | IgG or IgM antibodies. Antibody complex is fixed to a circulating blood cell causing lysis. Results in anemia | |
| Type III hypersensitivity | ggregations of antigens and antibodies, where antibodies out number antigens forming clumps: manifested as serum sickness, urticarial, arthritis, lymphadenopathy and fever | |
| Type IV hypersensitivity | Delayed hypersensitivity. Sensitized T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Manifests as allergic contact dermatitis, poison oak, poison ivy, reaction to jewelry, topical benzocaine, etc. | |
| Dyspepsia | general discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen: symptoms bloating, nausea, and indigestion | |
| Stomatitis | a broad term that refers to any inflammation of the mouth and lips, including the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth | |
| Oral Mucositis | A specific type of stomatitis involving painful inflammation and ulcerations of the mucous membranes in the mouth, most commonly as a side effect of cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy | |
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome | is a rare but serious disorder of the skin and mucous membranes, typically triggered by a severe reaction to medications or, less commonly, infections | |
| Erythema multiforme | is an acute, immune-mediated skin condition characterized by the sudden appearance of distinctive target-like (bullseye) lesions, often triggered by infections or medications | |
| Necrosis | premature death of cells or tissues in the body due to factors like injury, infection, or lack of blood flow | |
| Urticaria | commonly known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by raised, itchy welts or bumps | |
| Pregnancy Trimesters | pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, each lasting about three months | |
| Risk to Benefit Ratio | is a way to compare the potential risks and benefits of a decision or treatment | |
| Contraindicated | something, like a medication or treatment, should not be used because it could be harmful in certain situations | |
| Lactation | is the process of producing milk in the breasts after childbirth, allowing the mother to feed her baby | |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | a condition in babies cause by a mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy, it can lead to physical and mental disabilities, including growth problems, facial abnormalities and learning difficulties | |
| Neonate | is a newborn baby, specifically within the first 28 days of life | |
| Syndactyly | condition where two or more fingers or toes are fused together, either partially or completely at birth | |
| Oligodactyly | condition where a person is born with fewer than the usual number of fingers or toes | |
| Spina bifida | is a birth defect where the spinal cord doesn’t develop properly, leaving a gap in the spine. This can lead to physical and neurological problems. | |
| Jaundice | is a condition where the skin and eyes turn yellow due to a buildup of bilirubin, a substance produced when the body breaks down red blood cells. Often a sign of liver problems | |
| Perception | the physical components of pain | |
| Reaction | he psychologic component of pain | |
| Antipyretic | ability to reduce a fever: affect the hypothalamus (controls the body temperature) | |
| Antiinflammatory | ability to reduce inflammation | |
| Uricosuric | ability to increase the excretion of uric acid in the urine | |
| antiplatelet | ability to inhibit the aggregation (clumping) of platelets in the blood. | |
| Analgesic | ability to reduce or relieve pain. | |
| PGE | Prostaglandins, which are lipids produced by cells during inflammation and can sensitive the pain receptors. | |
| TNF-⍺ | is a cytokine that is released by cells during the inflammatory response in periodontal disease | |
| Agonists | refers to a substance that binds to and activates a receptor in the body | |
| Mixed opioids | also known as mixed agonist-antagonist opioids, refer to a class of opioids that have both agonistic (activating) and antagonistic (blocking) effects on opioid receptors in the nervous system | |
| Antagonists | are substances that bind to receptors in the body but do not activate them. Instead, they block or inhibit the action of agonists | |
| Narcotics | original name for opioid drugs. Derived from the Greek work which means “inducing stupor or sleep” | |
| Abstinence syndrome | A constellation of physiologic changes undergone by people who have become physically dependent on a drug or chemical who are abruptly deprived of that substance. | |
| Addiction | Addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug-seeking use despite complications or negative consequences | |
| Substance use disorders | occur when the recurrent use of alcohol and/or drugs causes clinically and functionally significant impairment | |
| Enabling | he behavior of family or friends who associate with the addict that results in continued substance use disorder. | |
| Habituation: | Physiologic tolerance to or psychological dependence on a drug | |
| Misuse | Use of a drug for a disease state in a way considered inappropriate | |
| Physical/physiologic dependence | The state in which the drug is necessary for the continued functioning of certain body process. | |
| Psychologic dependence | The state in which, following withdrawal of the drug, there are manifestations of emotional abnormalities and drug-seeking behavior | |
| Relapse | Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. | |
| Tolerance | With repeated dosing, the dose of a drug must be increased to obtain the same effect. | |
| Withdrawal | The constellation of symptoms, as specified in the DSM-5, that occurs when a physically dependent person stops taking the drug. | |
| Codeine | most commonly used opioid in dentistry | |
| Codeine + Tylenol = | Tylenol 3, provides greater pain relief | |
| Cocaine | Abusers exhibit dilated pupils (mydriasis) | |
| Morphine | First natural opiate used for acute or severe pain | |
| Oxycodone | semi-synthetic opioid | |
| Oxycodone + acetaminophen | Percocet | |
| Oxycodone + aspirin | Percodan | |
| Naloxone (Narcan) | is an opioid antagonist and used to treat opioid overdose | |
| Type 1 Diabetes | esults from an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic B cells. Usually develops in persons younger than 30 years of age. | |
| Type 2 diabetes | evelopment is attributed to a much more sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise. Usually develops in persons older than 40 years, however more and more cases are being reported for those under 20 years old. | |
| Hyperglycemia | efers to an abnormally high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood | |
| Hypoglycemia | condition characterized by abnormally low levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood | |
| Hyperkalemia | medical condition characterized by elevated levels of potassium (an essential electrolyte) in the blood. | |
| Glycosuria | the presence of glucose (sugar) in the urine | |
| Prophylactic: | refers to measures or treatments designed to prevent disease or a condition before it occurs | |
| UTI | Urinary Tract Infection | |
| Xerostomia | medical term for dry mouth | |
| Arthralgia | Join Pain | |
| Macroangiopathy | refers to damage or disease affecting the large blood vessels | |
| Microangiopathy | refers to damage or disease affecting the small blood vessels | |
| Ketoacidosis | serious condition characterized by the buildup of acids called ketones in the body, which occurs when the body breaks down fat for fuel instead of carbohydrates. This can lead to a dangerously high level of acidity in the blood. | |
| Adrenocorticosteroids: | commonly referred to as steroids, are a group of agents secreted by the adrenal cortex | |
| Addison disease: | Disease/condition produced by a deficiency of adrenocorticosteroids | |
| Cushing syndrome | Disease/condition produced by an excess of adrenocorticosteroids | |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): | agent secreted by the pituitary that causes the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex | |
| Glucocorticoids: | Adrenocorticosteroids that primarily affect carbohydrate metabolism. | |
| Mineralocorticoids: | Adrenocorticosteroids that affect the body’s sodium and water balance (fluid levels). | |
| Exogenous Steroid: | refers to a steroid hormone that is administered from outside the body, as opposed to being produced naturally by the body’s endocrine system. |
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