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Chapter 2
Psychology tenth edition carole wade/carol tavris Pearson
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What makes Psychological Research Scientific? | Precision,Skepticism, Reliance on empircal evidence, willingness to make rishky predictions, Openness |
| what is a theory | An organized system of assumptions and principles that puports to explain a specified set of phenomena and there interrelation ships |
| What is a hypothesis | A statement that attempts to predict or to account for a sset of phenomena, scientific hypotheses specify relationships amoung events or varibles and are empirically tested |
| what is an operational definition | A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being defined. |
| Principle of falsifiability | the principle that a scientific theory must make prdictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of diconfirmation, that is the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what will not happen. |
| Confirmation bias | the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief. |
| Reprsentative sample | A group of individuals, selected from a population for study, which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex. |
| Descriptive methods | methods that yield descriptions of behavior but not necessarily causal explantations. |
| Case study | A detaled description of a particular individual being studied or treated. |
| Observational study | A study in which the researcher carefullly and systematically observes and records behavior without interfering with the behavior; it may involve either naturalistic or laboratory observation |
| Naturalistic observation | is to find out how people or animals act in there normal oscial environments. Psychologist use N O wherever pople happen to be - at home, on playgrounds, or streets, in schoolrooms, or in offices. |
| Laboratory Observation | resurchers have more control of the situation. They can use sophisticated equipment, determine the number of people who will be observed, maintain a clear line of vision, and so forth. |
| Psychological test Or are called assessment instruments | Procedures used to measure and evaluate perosnallity traits, emothional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values. |
| standardize | in test construction to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test. |
| Norms | in test construction, established standards of performance |
| reliability | in test construction the consistency of scores derived from a test, from one time and place to antoher. |
| validity | the ability of a test to measure whtat it was designed to mesure. |
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