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Psych.101 Exam1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is psychology? | The study of thoughts, feelings, and behavior |
| What is psychological science? | The study through research of mind, brain, and behavior |
| A researcher working on a project that investigates people's thoughts and feelings about an upcomming election is adressing which aspect of psychological science? | Mental(mind) |
| What are the different types of research methods? | Descriptive methods, correlational methods, expirimental methods |
| Descriptive Methods | Describes what is occuring. (observational studies, self-reports, case studies) |
| correlational methods | Tests the relationship between factors |
| expirimental methods | investigate what causes an outcome |
| What features make an expiriment an expiriment? | -Has both an I.V and D.V -Compares groups or "conditions" to each other -Assigns participants to groups/conditions randomely -controls/standerdizes all aspects of the groups being compared , except the key variable |
| Steps of the scientific method | 1. Frame a research question. 2. Conduct a literature review. 3. Form a hypothesis. 4. Design a study. 5. Conduct the study. 6. Analyze the data. 7. Report the results. |
| Variable | Something in your study that can vary/change |
| Independent Variable(I.V.) | What the researcher manipulates/changes(the "cause") |
| Dependent Variable(D.V.) | What the researcher measures /evaluates (the "effect") |
| What is a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment? | An expiriment where the participants don't know which group their in and the researchers don't know which group anyone is in. |
| What is a hypothesis? | An educated guess,testible prediction,narrow and specific |
| What is a Theory? | Broader phenomenon,established from many hypotheses that point in the same direction,suggests predictions about future events |
| Example of a Theory: | Theory of evolution:multiple tested hypotheses pointing in the same direction. |
| What does it take for a theory to be wrong? | If one thing is wrong then the whole theory is wrong-hypothesis still stands though |
| Examples of D.V. | Time of study, Giving a group 1 thing vs. something different to another group. |
| What quality should a good theory have? | A good theory should be falsibiable: possible to test hypotheses that show the theory is wrong. |
| What does W.E.I.R.D stand for? | W-estern E-ducated I-ndustrialized R-ich D-emocratic |
| What is a western country? | U.S.A, Europe, Australia |
| Expirimental study Examples | Cell Phones in class: 1 class with phones 1 class w/ out phones-students who used cell phone wrote down 62% less information in their noes - scored a grade and a half lower when tested immediatly-10.6% lower on a recal test-13% lower on quiz. |
| Mouse study(example of expirimental study) | A controlled expiriment, in order to determine whether there is a direct casual link between prenatal exposure to antidepressants and social behavior. A mouse is placed in the nutral chamber and is observed to see where it goes. |
| How much of the world's population do WEIRD countries make up? | 16% |
| What percent of psychology participants are from WEIRD countries? | 96% |
| What percent of psychology participants are American? | 68% |
| What percent are psychology undergraduates? | 70% |
| Structuralism Psychology's 1st school of thought | Focused on defining the structure of conscious experience, by breaking it down into its basic sub-components |
| Problems with Structuralism approach | It is subjective, Getting all analytic about your experience can change what you are experiencing. |
| Funtionalism psychology's 2nd school of thought | Focused on the function (or purpose) of human consciousness & behavior. Arose as a response to Structuralism. Investigated how consciousness might cause our behavior. |
| How many perspectives of psychology are there? | 7 perspectives of psychology |
| What is the 1st perspective on psychology? | Biological- all about the physical body(hormones, brain structures, genetics)Before puberty vs. after |
| What is the 2nd perspective on psychology? | Cognitive- all about how you make sense of things(thinking, memory, attention) The messages you tell yourself |
| What is the 3rd perspective on psychology? | Behavioral- all about the stimulus and response. What do you personaly expirience? Something good you go towards it bad you go away from it. |
| What is the 4th perspective on psychology? | Humanistic- all about people trying to self-actualize and blossom into their full potential. Engage with out passion. I really want to do this but the world won't let me. |
| What is the 5th perspective on psychology? | psychodynamic- all about deep subconscious drives and fears. Level of fear stays because you don't want to accnowledge it.Could go away when accnowledged. |
| What is the 6th perspective on psychology? | sociocultural-all about being influenced by social norms. influenced by others around you. |
| What is the 7th perspective on psychology? | Evolutionary-all about what helped your ancient ancestors to survive and reproduce. morning sickness when your pregnant. Stay home when depressed. |
| Biological perspective example: | Determining that high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine may be linked to schizophrenia could lead to drug treatments targeting dopamine levels. |
| Cognitive perspective example: | A person with a fear of public speaking might have developed an irrational belief that the audience is always judging them, leading to anxiety. |
| Behavioral perspective example: | A child develops a fear of dogs after being bitten because they associate dogs with pain and fear. |
| Humanistic perspective example: | An introverted person may choose to limit their social interactions because they believe their personal needs are better met in smaller groups. |
| Psychodynamic perspective example: | A person who compulsively bites their nails or washes their hands excessively may be experiencing an unconscious tension tied to an unresolved childhood experience, like a trauma associated with fear or uncleanliness. |
| Sociocultural perspective example: | A person's perception of ideal body weight might be heavily influenced by media images and societal beauty standards. |
| Evolutionary perspective example: | The strong fear responses to snakes or heights can be understood as an evolutionary adaptation that helped our ancestors survive. |
| What is the institutional review board(IRB)? | A group of faculty,staff and community members that get together to review psychological research proposals to make sure that they are ethical. |
| What is the main obligation of the IRB? | To make sure that the research will be conducted in a way that minimizes any physical or psychological risks to the participants. |
| What must researchers provide each participant? | Researchers must provide each participant with full details necessary for the person to be able to make a fully informed decesion about participation in the research. |
| What does each participant have a right to? | Each participant has a right to privacy that is protected by the principle of confidentiality. |
| What is avoidance of deception? | Avoid not informing participants of which conditions he or she will be assigned to. Can only be done if it affects the results of the research. |
| Debriefing: | Each participant has the right to full disclosure of the purpose and findings of the research after his or her participation is complete. |
| Participation of minors or other vulnurable persons: | Certain participants cannot give full informed consent due to age or vulnurability. A parent or legal gaurdian must give consent for them. Pariticipant must agree to participate. |
| What is IACUC? | Same thing as IRB but for animals |
| Health an well-being of animals | Research must always consider the health and well-being of animals in research. |
| What does every IACUC have in addition to scientists and nonscientists? | Every IACUC includes a certified veterinarien who must review each proposal to ensure that the animals will be treated properly before, during, and after the study. |
| What does beneficence require of researchers? | Beneficence requires researchers to minimize risks and maximize the benefits of their research. Whenever there are potential risks in conducting research, the potential benefit to society must be so great as to justify those risks. |
| What is are choke points? | Constranits or limitations in our ability to process information |
| Choke point 1 | Limited capacity of attention limits learning |
| Solution of choke point 1 | Avoid distractions |
| Choke point 2 | Mental effort or concentration is a limited resource |
| Solution of choke point 2 | Overlearning and practive to make knowledge automatic |
| Choke point 3 | Working memory(WM) has a limited capacity of about 4 chuncks of complex information |
| Solution to choke point 3 | Chunking:organize information into large chunks |
| Choke point 4 | Forgetting occurs in Working memory and long-term memory(LTM) |
| Solution to choke point 4 | Distinctive, overlearned memories resist interference |
| What is the nervous system responsible for? | The nervous system is responsible for everything we think, feel, and do |
| What are neurons? | Basic unit of the nervous system; specialized cells that receive & transmit information |
| What do sensory neurons do? | Pass sensory information on to the brain |
| What do motor neurons do? | pass instructions to muscles to contract or relax |
| What do interneurons do? | pass information from neuron to neuron |
| What is the Dendrite? | branchlike extensions at the “top” that detect information from other neurons |
| What is the cell body(soma)? | where incoming information from other neurons is collected and integrated |
| What is the myelin sheath? | : insulating layer that surrounds the axon |
| What is the terminal button? | nodule at the “bottom” of the axon, where chemical signals are released into the synaptic gap |
| What is action potential? | the act of a neuron “firing” |
| How are neurotransmitters released? | An electrical signal passes down the neuron, causing the synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters |
| What are the two kinds of messages a neuron can send to another neuron? | -excitatory (“fire!”) –inhibitory (“don’t fire!”) |
| What happens when there are two conflicting messages from multiple neurons? | Majority Rules |
| What are synaptic vesicles? | “bubbles” within the terminal button that contain neurotransmitters |
| What is the synapse? | the place where two neurons meet |
| What is the synaptic gap/cleft? | gap between two neurons, where neurotransmitters are sent |
| What are neurotransmitters? | chemical substances that transmit signals from a “sending” neuron to a “receiving” neuron |
| What are receptor sites? | sites on the “receiving” neuron where neurotransmitters bind |
| What is reuptake? | afterwards, the neurotransmitters are sucked back into the neuron that released them |
| What does cocaine do? | Cocaine blocks reuptake |
| What makes up the central neuvous system? | brain and spinal chord |
| What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System? | all nerve cells in the body that are not part of the central nervous system |
| Frontal lobe: | -at the front of the brain – important for movement and higher-level psychological processes – primary motor cortex / motor strip |
| Prefrontal Cortex: | – the very frontmost part of the frontal lobe – especially prominent in humans – important for attention, decision-making, appropriate social behavior, and personality |
| Parietal Lobe: | – Region in front of the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe – important for the sense of touch and for spatial awareness of the environment – primary somatosensory cortex / somatosensory strip |
| Temporal Lobe | – regions on the sides of the brain – important for processing auditory information, language processing |
| Occipital Lobe: | – region at the back of the brain – important for vision |
| The Somatosensory Strip/Cortex: | Sensory, Leg, Arm,Hand,Lips,Toungue,Mouth |
| Cerebellum | Important role in learning and memory for movement (motor learning, motor memory) – Smooths movements, controls balance – Operates independently and unconsciously |
| Brain Stem | An extension of the spinal cord – Controls functions associated with survival, such as: • Heart rate • Breathing • Swallowing • Vomiting • Blood pressure • Temperature regulation • Urination |
| What did the In-class elbow/fingertip demonstration demonstrate about the brain? | Demonstrated that we have more sensory in our hands then in our elbows |
| Brain Plasticity in the cerebellum | The brains ability to adapt and change throughout life |
| Brain Plasticity for the blind | Brain rewires and enhances other senses like hearing, touch and smell |
| Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT scan) | a series of x-rays that are knit into an image by a computer, revealing brain structure (low resolution) |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | magnetic field leads hydrogen atoms in the brain to emit energy patterns that a computer knits into an image, revealing brain structure (high-resolution) |
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) | oxygenated & non-oxygenated blood differ in how they react to a magnetic field; active areas have more oxygenated blood, so this reveals brain function |
| Positron emission tomography (PET): | substance is injected into the bloodstream; when it collides w/tissue it emits gamma rays, which reveals areas of blood circulation; active areas have more blood flow, so this reveals brain function |
| what is Serotonin? | A neurotransmitter involved in emotional wellbeing. Many who suffer from depression have low serotonin levels. |
| SSRIs: | blocks the uptake of serotonin which increases activiation of serotonin receptors. |
| prenatal exposure to antidepressant drugs | several studies with humans (although not all) have found an increased risk of autism. A core symptom of autism is failing to engage in typical social interactions. |
| What is sensation? | The physical processing of environmental stimuli by sense organs |
| What is perception? | The psychological process of interpreting sensory information |
| Bottom-up processing | Taking in pieces of information and coming up with a conclusion (unbiased) |
| Top-down processing | Applying a pre-existing idea as a filter to understand pieces of information (biased) |
| Top-down examples: | Blue dress,furniture in mans house, |
| Bottom -up processing example: | Seeing an unfamiliar symbol or letter on a screen and identifying its lines and curves to form the letter "B" |
| Brain imaging | No radiation Brain emits energy Oxygen and deoxygenated blood makes a difference in the scan.Red seeing, Blue hearing |
| How is the color of light determined? | the color of light is determined by the wavelengths of the electromagnetic waves that reach the eye. |
| Photoreceptors | specialized cells located in the retina of the eye that detect light and convert it into electrical signals that the brain interprets as vision. |
| What is colorblindness? | Color blindness is a hereditary condition, usually inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, that affects the cone cells in the eye, causing an inability to distinguish certain colors |
| What kind of color blindness is most common? | Most common is red-green color blindness |
| What causes color blindness? | caused by faulty genes on the X chromosome, making it more prevalent in males. |
| Male color blindness | have only one X chromosome (XY). If they inherit an X chromosome with the color blindness gene, they will have the condition. |
| Female color blindness | have two X chromosomes (XX). For a female to be colorblind, both of her X chromosomes must carry the recessive color blindness gene. |
| Why is color blindness more common in males? | Because males only need one faulty gene on their single X chromosome, color blindness occurs much more frequently in males than in females. |
| How does color blindness work? | Color blindness occurs when cone cells in the retina are missing or function improperly, leading to incorrect or faulty electrical signals sent to the brain. |
| Top down processing illusions | White triangle. Brain fills it in even when it actually isn't there. |
| Scintillating Grid | dark, shadowy discs appear to flicker or "scintillate" at the intersections of a grid of grey lines on a black background, especially in your peripheral vision. |
| Figure ground realtions | When your brain fills in something that isn't there. The two faces. If you see the black areas as the figure, you perceive two faces in profile. |
| Perception | These illusions underscore the idea that perception is an active process where the brain actively constructs meaning, rather than passively receiving information. |
| Depth perception | occur when the brain misinterprets depth cues, which are the signals that help us perceive the world in three dimensions despite receiving two-dimensional images. Parallel lines appear to converge at a distance. |
| What are the hair cells in the cochlea? | The hair cells in the cochlea are a type of mechanoreceptor: They are specialized sensory neurons that respond to being physically (mechanically) moved. |
| What happens with hearing loss as people age? | Hair cells get thrashed and break |
| What is the cochlea shaped like? | a snail |
| Where does sound pass through | The ear canal |
| What is the membrane that is half the size of a dime? | The ear drum |
| What else vibrates when the ear drum vibrates? | Three bones called the Maleuss, incus, and stapes |
| The hair cells at the base of the cochlea detect higher or lower pitch sounds? | Higher pitch(flute) |
| The hair cells toward the top of the hair cells detect what kinds of sound? | Progressively lower sounds(trumpet, Trombone) |
| What kinds of sound does the very top of the spiral or the apex detect? | Lowest pitch sounds(Tuba) |
| What is located at the outer parts of the ear? | includes the pinna (auricle) and the ear canal |
| What is located at the middle of the ear? | contains the eardrum (tympanic membrane) and the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and the Eustachian tube |
| What is in the inner ear? | the cochlea for hearing, and the vestibule and semicircular canals for balance. |
| What are mechanoreceptors? | specialized cells in the inner ear called hair cells that convert mechanical stimuli, such as sound vibrations, into electrical signals that the brain interprets as sound. |
| How does auditory information travel from the world to the brain? | sound waves are channeled into the ear canal, vibrate the eardrum and tiny bones of the middle ear, and cause fluid to move in the inner ear's cochlea. |
| What happens inside the cochlea? | Inside the cochlea, hair cells convert these fluid vibrations into electrical signals, which are sent along the auditory (cochlear) nerve to the brainstem. |
| Where do signals travel from the brainstem? | From the brainstem, signals travel to the thalamus and then to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, where the information is processed, interpreted, and understood as sound. |
| Hearing loss with age | As people age they loose the ability to hear sounds like clocks ticking, water dripping and other softer sounds. |
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