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Soc Psyc Exam 1
Units 1,3,4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | the scientific study of the causes and consequences of people's thoughts, feelings, and actions, regarding themselves and others |
| 4 key components of social psychology | Power of the situation, power of the person, importance of cognition, applicability |
| Power of the situation | certain situations elicit similar behavior regardless of how different people are |
| Power of the person | In the same situation diff people react differently |
| Importance of cognition | how we understand or think about a situation or person influences our behavior |
| Applicability | how can we apply our findings to society? Main goal of soc psych |
| Causal Attribution | an explanation of an individual's behavior; influenced by cultural knowledge |
| Introspection | looking inward and observing our own thought processes |
| Correlational method | 2 or more preexisting characteristics (vars) of a group of individuals is measured and compared to determine association |
| Longitudinal Studies | 2 vars measured at multiple points in time in same individuals over an extended period of time |
| Experimental Methods | manipulates ind. var. to measure possible effects on dependent var. and makes all other vars. constant |
| Field Research | research that occurs outside a lab in an individual's every day settings like school, work, sports, etc. |
| Quasi Experiment Design | groups of participants compared based on a dependent var. but the groups aren't formed with random assignment |
| Survey | correlational research method that randomly selects a sample so we can generalize to the population |
| Naturalistic Observation | Correlational research method, the researcher observes people in their natural environment and notes patterns and interactions |
| Case Study | Observing single individuals in detail |
| operational definition | a specific, concrete method of measuring or manipulating a conceptual variable |
| Construct Validity | the degree to which a dependent var measures what it intends to or an ind. var manipulates what it intends to |
| Conceptual Replication | replicating studies using diff method of measuring or manipulating variables |
| External Validity | ability to generalize findings to population |
| Moderator Variables | vars that explain when, where, and to who an effect is most likely to occur |
| 5 influential perspectives | Soc Cognitive, Evolutionary, cultural, existential, soc neuroscience |
| Social Cognitive Perspective | focus on how ppl perceive, remember, and interpret events and individuals, including themselves, in their social world |
| Evolutionary Perspective | view humans as animal species, social behavior is a consequence of same physical laws & evolutionary processes of all life |
| Cultural Perspective | Focus on influence of culture on thought, feeling, and behavior |
| Existential Perspective | Examines questions about human existence and nature regarding meaning, identity, the body, and free will |
| Social Neuroscience Perspective | focus on neural processes that underlie social judgement and behavior |
| 3 motives | Accuracy, closure, and confirmation |
| Schema | a mental structure in memory that contains prior knowledge and associations with a concept |
| Script | schemas that represent knowledge about events (describes how events unfold) |
| Impressions | schemas that represent knowledge about other people (characteristics, personality, beliefs about them) |
| Priming | the process by which exposure to a stimulus in the environment increases the salience of a schema and makes it more accessible |
| Salience | the thing that is noticeable about a schema that is active and colors perceptions and behaviors, consciously and unconsciously |
| Salience | the thing that is noticeable about a schema that is active and colors perceptions and behaviors, consciously and unconsciously |
| Dual Process Theory | two ways of processing info, cognitive and experiential |
| Cognitive Processing | rational and controlled way of thinking, slow |
| Experiential Processing | an unconscious, automatic, fast way of thinking that relies on heuristics |
| Heuristics | mental shortcuts or rules of thumb used in making judgements and choices |
| The Self-fulfilling prophecy | the idea that initially false expectations cause the fulfillment of those expectations; unintentionally and unconscious |
| Confirmation Bias | the tendency to seek out and evaluate information that confirms what we already feel or believe; involved in experiential |
| Memory Formation | encode, rehearse, consolidate, retrieve |
| Short-Term Memory | info and input that is currently activated |
| Long-Term Memory | info from past experience that may/may not be currently activated |
| Availability Heuristic | the tendency to assume that info that comes easily to mind or is available is more common or frequent |
| The Ease of Retrieval Effect | the process by which people judge how frequently an event occurs based on how easily they can think of examples of it |
| Causal Attributions | explanations of an individual's behavior; has two dimensions, locus of causality and stability |
| Locus of Causality | attribution of behavior to an aspect of the person (internal) or to an aspect of the situation (external) |
| Stability | attributing behavior to either stable (unchanging) or unstable (changing) factors |
| Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) | tendency to underestimate situational influences & overestimate dispositional influences on behavior |
| 3 factor theory | we use 3 types of info to determine external attribution: consensus, consistency, distinctiveness |
| Encoding process | organizing information by categories (visual, sound, etc) |
| Retrieval Process | accessing information, affected by perception, attention, organization. |
| Misinformation Effect | the process by which cues given after an event can plant false info into memory |
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25pollijul
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