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psychology
objectives - application of psych on health
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| stress | the non-specific physiological response of the body to ant demand for change |
| eustress | positive psychological response to a stressor as indicated by the presence of positive psychological states. experienced when we see stressful situations as a challenge we can manage. increases alertness and energises us to meet demands. |
| distress | negative psychological response to a stressor, indicated by presence of negative psychological states, that impedes optimal performance. experienced when we have no control over a situation, and feel overwhelmed. |
| environmental stressor | derived from the physical circumstances/conditions. |
| psychological stressor | derived from perceptual factors like cognition and emotions. |
| social stressor | derived from our interpersonal relationships and interactions |
| cultural stressor | derived from an individual's cultural identity, including norms, beliefs and practices. |
| General Adaptation Syndrome - GAS model | conceptualised the process of stress in believing that the stressors caused psychological reactions which lead to stress as a response. physiological perspective on stress. |
| GAS model - alarm | after the stressor is perceived, the body shifts away from homeostasis and enables physiological responses; shock enables us to process the stressor, causing a feeling of overwhelm. countershock activates the SNS, releasing cortisol and adrenaline. |
| GAS model - resistance | the body activates the parasympathetic nervous system in aim to return to homeostasis. if this does not resolve stress, it continues to the third stage |
| GAS model - exhaustion | if stress continues, the body will deplete its mental and physical reserves. prolonged stress has negative impacts on the body, such as impaired immune responses and cognitive activity, as well as fatigue and loss of motivation. |
| stress as a stimulus - Holmes and Rahe (1967) | saw stress as a stimulus caused by significant events/change that demands response or adjustment. developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale of 42 events, where the number of units a person had equated to how much stress they have/will experience. |
| assumptions of stress as a stimulus model | change is stressful, the demands of significant events in life are experienced equally by all, the capacity or tolerance of stress is the same for all |
| stress as a transaction - Lazarus and Folkman (1984) | considered the role of the individual in both their perception of stress and their ability to manage it. stressor -> stress as a complex transaction -> response |
| primary appraisal | where an individual evaluates the stressor in accordance with its magnitude, and the threat it poses |
| secondary appraisal | assess our ability or competency to deal with the stressor. |
| problem-focused coping | involves using strategies to reduce or alter the stressor. using your energy to look at ways to resolve stress. aims to reduce stress by making the individual feel more competent to handle the stressor |
| emotion-focused coping | involves using strategies to change your emotional state relative to your current emotional state. reducing anxiety, fear, excitement or frustration. |
| adaptive coping strategies | coping where an individual aims to reduce the emotions associated with a stressor when the stressor cannot be controlled or is inappropriately appraised. acceptance and relaxation. meditation, behavioural therapy |
| maladaptive coping strategies | coping where an individual aims to reduce the emotions associated with the stressor without addressing the root cause and can lead to more stress later on. procrastination, escapism, social withdrawal and denial |
| health related consequences of stress | long period of high cortisol = chronic fatigue, impaired cognition, sleep disturbance, anxiety, hypertension, decreased immunity/metabolism. chronic stress = irritability, mood changes, acne, decrease bone density, increased blood pressure + heart rate |
| evolutionary purpose of sleep | sleep benefits likelihood of survival and reproduction; dark hours make it difficult to hunt/forage - less calories used during these hours by sleeping. sleeping at night to avoid nighttime predators with better vision in the dark. |
| restorative purpose of sleep | the body carries out necessary functions to ensure removal of biological waste, production of hormones and neurotransmitters and tissue repair. sleep also provides time for the brain to clear our chemicals to ensure optimal functioning |
| NREM sleep | broken into 3 stages, where the sleeper falls into a deeper and deeper sleep as the stages progress; characterised by relaxation of muscles, slowing down of physiological functions, and brainwaves that decrease in frequency and decrease in amplitude |
| REM sleep | a type of sleep characterised by brain waves with high frequency a low amplitude; the muscles of the body are in a state of paralysis and dreams may be experienced |
| NREM 1 stage | lasts 1-7 minutes. decreased heart rate and eye movement, muscle relaxation. body never re-enters this stage again after first time. brain produces alpha waves |
| NREM 2 stage | initially lasts 10-25 minutes. heart rate continues to decrease, muscles relax further, eye movement stops. muscles occasionally twitch. increases in duration in following cycles. theta brain waves. |
| NREM 3 stage | initially lasts 20-40 minutes, then decrease in length/may not occur in later cycles. minimal eye movement, muscles most relaxed, heart rate decreases. growth hormone is released. brain produces delta waves. |
| REM stage | 10-60 minutes in length, increases in duration as cycles continue. more REM in childhood than adulthood. heartrate matches waking heartrate. eyes move rapidly though vision is not transmitted. muscles (sans breathing and eyes) are paralysed. dreams occur |
| sleep deprivation | going without sleep or not getting sufficient amounts of sleep to support optimal daytime functioning. |
| partial sleep deprivation | getting some sleep in a 24-hour period but less than normally required for optimal daytime functioning |
| total sleep deprivation | getting no sleep at all in a 24-hour period |
| effects of chronic partial sleep deprivation | heart disease, obesity, insomnia and anxiety. |
| effects of acute partial sleep deprivation | lowered attention, increased irritability, decreased reaction time and eye spasms/blurry vision. |
| causes of sleep deprivation; shiftwork | regularly changing sleep patterns due to long shifts. prevents formation of natural circadian rhythm. melatonin production suppressed due to exposure to light. |
| causes of sleep deprivation; drugs | alter physiology to some extent, changing heart rates, muscle tension and eye movement. stimulants impact the CNS. depressants cause decrease in heartrate, and a subsequent increase that disrupts sleep. hallucinogens prevent eye movement decrease |
| causes of sleep deprivation; sleep environment | melatonin suppressed by light. sleeping in bright environments, or having brightly lit devices, can suppress melatonin. loud noises stimulate SNS and cause regularly waking |
| causes of sleep deprivation; stressors | activate the sympathetic nervous system and increase production of cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline. make it difficult to sleep due to raising the body's heart rate and breathing rate. |
| He et al sleep: aim | investigate the effects of restricting mobile phone use before bed in college students with poor sleep quality |
| He et al sleep: method | participants screened to fit into criteria. control group and intervention group, who refrained from mobile phone use 30 mins prior to sleep. participants filled out self-report sleep diary on quality of sleep the next morning |
| He et al sleep; findings | intervention group had reduced sleep patency, increased sleep duration, improved overall sleep quality, reduced pre-sleep arousal, reduced negative affect, and improved positive affect. |
| He et al sleep; strengths | ethically sound || well controlled and manipulated variables || quantitative results || elimination of outliers in participation selection process |
| He et al sleep; weaknesses | self-report sleep diary can lead to social desirability bias || potential demand characteristics from participants in the intervention group; no room for single-blind procedures |
| sleep diary | online self-report system used throughout the experiment. includes bed time, sleep latency, wake time, rise time, sleep duration, mobile phone usage time per day, and mobile phone usage prior to bedtime. |
| PSQI | Pittsburgh sleep quality index; 19-item self-reported questionnaire assessing sleep quality and disturbances over the month. |
| PSAS | pre-sleep arousal scale. 16-item self-reported questionnaire of both cognitive and somatic manifestations of arousal. |
| PANAS | positive and negative affect schedule. 20-item scale for measuring positive and negative effect based on 5-point likert scale. |
| N-back | tested working memory. 0-back if the next number matches the one presented is the one instructed to look out for. 1-back if the next number is identical to the previous one. 2-back if next number presented is the same as the one before the last. |
Created by:
Millie Cullender
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