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Grammar Assessment 5
Review for Chapter 5---Choosing Adverbials
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adverb | One of the four open classes, whose members act as modifiers of verbs, contributing information of time, place, reason, manner, and the like. Like adjectives, certain adverbs can be qualified; some can be inflected for comparative and superlative degree. |
| Adverbial | Any structure, no matter what its form, that functions as a modifier of a verb--that is, functions as an adverb normally functions. |
| Adverbial clause | A dependent clause that functions as an adverb, providing information about when, where, why, how, to what extent, or under what condition the action of the main clause occurs |
| Dependent clause | A clause that functions as an adverbial, adjectival, or nominal (in contrast to an independent clause.) |
| Elliptical clause | A clause in which a part has been left out but is understood: "When (you are) planning your essay," be sure to consider the audience. |
| End focus | The common rhythm pattern in which the prominent stress falls on or near the final sentence unit. |
| Infinitive phrase | A phrase headed by the infinitive. The infinitive phrase can function adverbially (I stayed up all night "to study for the exam"); adjectivally (That is no way "to study"); and nominally ("To study all night" is unproductive in the long run.) |
| Known information | Information in a sentence that has already been mentioned. |
| Manner adverb | An adverb produced by adding -ly to adjectives; quickly, slowly, carefully, gracefully, etc. Some of the most movable adverbs, appearing between the subject and the predicate, or within the main verb. |
| Movability | The ability of an adverb to move to various positions in the sentence. |
| Noun phrase | The noun headword with all of its attendant pre- and postnoun modifiers. |
| Prepositional phrase | The combo of a preposition and its object. in form, the object of the preposition is usually a noun phrase (After "class," he worked at a clinic), but it can also be a phrase with a gerund (After "graduating," he will go to med school.) |
| Redundancy | Unnecessary repetition. Using too many prepositions/prepositional phrases is often a cause for redundancy. |
| Sentence modifier | A word or phrase or clause that modifies the sentence as a whole. |
| Subordinating conjunction | A conjunction that introduces a dependent clause and expresses the relationship of the clause to the main clause. Among the most common are after, although, as, as long as, as soon as, because, before, even though, if, provided that, since, so that, etc. |
| Sentence from the reading | If you open the sentence with an adverb set off by a comma, it will often become a sentence modifier, saying something about the sentence as a whole, rather than simply modifying the verb. |
| Adverb continued | They have characteristic derivational endings such as ly (quickly), wise (lengthwise), and ward (backward). |
| Adverbial information that prepositional phrases provide | Direction: toward, beyond, across Place: near, on, along Time: on, at, in Duration: until, for, during Manner: with, by, in Reason: because, for |
| What are the two most common prepositions that are often overused | of and to. "In" is also common. |
| Common opening adverbials | Conjunctive adverbs, prepositional phrases, and dependent clauses. |
| Noun phrases that function adverbially tend to... | resemble objects of prepositions (in which the preposition is missing, like in "They worked [for] ten solid hours," and a direct object, often when following an intransitive verb (I studied "every night" until 1:00 AM.) |
| When a verb phrase functions as an adverbial, the verb phrase (an infinitive phrase...) | Does not include a verb indicating tense; it is the basic form of a verb without inflections for tense. |
| How to spot the infinitive | Look for the base form of the verb preceded by the infinitive marker "to." There is an understood "in order to" meaning with most adverbial infinitives. |
| What is dangling? | This occurs when the infinitive phrase lacks a subject: "To keep your grades up, a regular study schedule is important." VS. "To keep your grades up, you should follow a regular study schedule." The subject becomes "you." |
| When the infinitive phrase is used as an opening adverbial, it is set off by a comma. T or F. | True; when it is at the end of the predicate, no comma is required. |
| The subject of the adverbial infinitive is also the subject of the clause in which the infinitive appears. | True. |
| Dependent clauses often contain an opening conjunction. | True; dependent clauses have information-bearing potential. |
| Subordinating conjunctions express specific adverbial relationships, such as... | Time: when, whenever, after, as, before, etc. Concession: though, although, even though, if, while Contingency: if, once Condition: if, in case, as long as, etc. Reason: because, since, etc Result: so that, so Comparison: as. just as, as if |
| The final adverbial relationship of the subordinating conjunction... | Contrast: while, whereas (expresses some form of relationship to the independent clause.) |
| An adverbial clause that opens the sentence is set off by a comma. | True; this rule applies no matter how short the clause may be. |
| When the adverbial clause closes a sentence, it is not separated by a comma if it provides essential information. | True; the difference between "Pat went to parties 'only when she knew everyone who had been invited.'" VS. Pat went to the party, although she didn't know everyone who had been invited. |
| If an action won't occur unless the condition in the adverbial clause is met, it is essential info. | True. |
| Adverbial clauses also have a lot of movability. | True; they can open, close, or appear in the middle of sentences. When in the middle, they are set off by two commas. This tends to interrupt the flow of the sentence. |
| The because clause myth. | Because a dependent clause often looks like a full sentence, it may be punctuated as one, creating a sentence fragment, where part of a sentence is punctuated as a full sentence. If the because clause contains new info, it belongs at the end. |
| Elliptical clauses introduced by the time connectors "while" and "when" are especially common. | True; "while" waiting for the bus, we saw the police arrest a pickpocket. Here, the subject "we" is omitted from "While 'we' were waiting for the bus." It takes on the subject of the main clause: the "we" in "we saw the police..." |
| The subject of the main clause is aways the understood subject of the elliptical clause as well. | True. |
| A dangling elliptical clause occurs when the understood subject is not the same subject as the main clause. | True; example: "While waiting for the bus, the police arrested a pickpocket." (this implies the police waited for the bus, not the 'we" in the previous example.) |
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FaithMcBaith
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