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DC & Actions (2.1)

(PTCB EXAM PROP 2025-2026 - Mark Harold)

TermDefinition
Fluoroquinolones Inhibit bacterial DNA replication by targeting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase. Example: Ciprofloxacin
Biguanides (like metformin) An Oral Hypoglycemic - Treats diabetes by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver.
Bacteriostatic antibiotics Antibiotics that do not actually kill bacteria but rather inhibit their growth.
Macrolides Block bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits. Example: Azithromycin
Analgesics Relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness. Can be divided up into two categories: Opioids, and Non-Opioids (NSAIDs)
Antihypertensives Manage High blood pressure. There are several classes of these that work through different mechanisms. Examples: ACE inhibitors, Beta Blockers
ACE Inhibitors Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors - Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.
Thiazide diuretics Act on the distal convoluted tubule and are used for treating hypertension and mild heart failure.
Sulfonylureas An Oral Hypoglycemic - Treats diabetes by simulating the pancreas to produce more insulin.
Statins Plays a role in production of cholesterol in the liver. Lowers the level of LDL cholesterol, but also has beneficial effects on inflammation, plaque stability, and other aspects of atherosclerosis.
Receptor Interaction Many drugs bind to the receptors on the surface of cells to trigger or inhibit a biological response. For example, beta-blockers inhibit beta-adrenergic receptors to reduce heart rate.
Bactericidal antibiotics Kill bacteria directly.
Penicillin and Cephalosporins Blocks the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, leading to cell lysis. example: Amoxicillin (penicillin), and Cefalexin (cephalosporin)
Tetracyclines Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes, preventing bacterial grown. Example: Doxycycline
Opioids Bind to specific opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and organs to relieve pain. Example: Morphine
NSAIDS Non-Steroid Anti Inflammatory Drugs - Produces prostaglandins that mediate pain and inflammation. Example: ibuprofen
Beta-blockers Reduce blood pressure by blocking the effects of the hormone adrenaline, slowing the heart rate and reducing the force of heart muscle contraction.
Diuretics Help the body eliminate excess salt and water through urine. This can reduce blood pressure and swelling. They work by acting on different parts of the kidneys to inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride. Examples: Loop diuretics, Thiazide diuretics
Loop diuretics Act on the Loop of Henle in the kidney, making them very potent diuretics.
Antidiabetics Medications used to treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. Example: Insulins, oral hypoglycemics
Insulins Increase about of glucose cells can carry
Thiazolidinediones An Oral Hypoglycemic - Treats diabetes by improving the effectiveness of insulin already in the body.
Drug Action Each drug class interacts with the body through specific biochemical or cellular pathways. Examples: Receptor Interaction, Enzyme Inhibition, or Ion Channel Modulation
Enzyme Inhibitor Some drugs block enzymes to prevent the production of compounds that contribute to disease processes, such as NSAIDs, inhibiting COX enzymes to reduce inflammation.
Ion Channel Modulation Drugs like calcium channel blockers regulate ion flow in and out of cells to control vascular resistance and heart rate.
Selective Toxicity Medications like antibiotics target bacterial cells without harming human cells. Example: Penicillins disrupt bacterial cell walls, a structure absent in human cells, ensuring effective treatment with minimal side effects.
Created by: SeanInc
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