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Psychology 2 and 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nervous system | Composed of two divisions Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | Composed of brain and spinal cord – Encased in the skull and vertebrae (respectively) – Regulates high-level mental functions |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | -transmits information to and from the CNS – Plays a role in the body’s ability to maintain health and well-being -Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| Somatic nervous system | Afferent = toward the CNS Efferent = away from the CNS |
| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | •Sympathetic • Parasympathetic |
| The brain | 10% of the brain is nerve cells and the 90% is glial cells that are the "glue", which provide nourishment and support for neurons |
| Glial | structural support and insulation |
| Neurons | Communication |
| Soma | Cell body |
| Dendrites | Receive |
| Axon | Transmit away |
| Myelin sheath | Speeds up transmission |
| Terminal button | End of axon, secretes neurotransmitters |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers |
| Synapses | Point at which the neurons interconnect |
| Hodgkin and Huxley (1952) | Did studies on a giant squids neurons -found fluids inside and outside neuron - electrically charged particles (ions) |
| The action potential | All or nothing law Stimulation causes cells to open breifly Positively charged sodium ions flow in Shift in electrical charge travels along the neuron |
| Depolarization | Positive ions enter the neuron making it more prone to it firing an action potential |
| Hyperpolarization | When negative ions enter the neuron making it less prone to firing a action potential |
| Rate law | Varies in the amplitude of message coveted by the nerve are signaled by changes in the rate at which neutrons fire or produce action potentials |
| Presynaptic neuron | Synaptic neuron and neurotransmitters |
| Post synaptic neuron | Receptor sites |
| Synaptic cleft | the microscopic gap between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron |
| Post synaptic potential (PSP) | -all or none - changes the probability of the post synaptic neuron firing |
| Postive voltage shift | Excitatory PSP |
| Negative voltage shift | Inhibitory PSP |
| Agonist | Mimics neurotransmitter action |
| Antagonist | Opposes action of a neurotransmitter and blocks others from binding |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | Time locked to some event |
| What does EEG do? | It measures brain waves |
| Damage studies/ Lesioning amesisha | No memory |
| Electrical stimulation (ESB) | James olds, |
| Brain imaging | Computerized tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
| What does a PET scan do | It detects blood in parts of the brain |
| Is a fMRI or a MRI better? | fMRI since it’s newer and there is good special but bad timing |
| Hind brain | The oldest part with vital functions- medulla, pons and cerebellum |
| Mid brain | Sensory functions, dopaminergic projections, and reticular activating systems |
| Forebrain | Emotion, complex though- thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex |
| Central hemisphere | Two specialized halves connected by the corpus callosum |
| Left hemisphere | Verbal processing: language, speech, reading, and writing |
| Right hemisphere | Non-verbal processing: spatial, musical and visual recognition |
| Four lobes Pg. 41 | Occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal |
| Occipital | Vision |
| Parietal | Somatsensory |
| Temporal | Auditory |
| Frontal | Movement, executive control system |
| Cerebellum | Orchestrating the coordination and muscle contractions. Damage causes impaired accuracy and timing of the motor control |
| Brain stem | Major role in respiration, cardiovascular control, alertness, consciousness, and pain sensitivity. Damage is life threatening |
| Limbic system | Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, pituitary gland, and nucleus accumbens |
| Thalamus | Large two lobed on top of the brain stem Contains sensory and motor divisions |
| Hypothalamus | Controls the body’s master gland and purity gland Regulating blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thrust, sexual arousal, and sleep |
| Amygdala | Evaluation in the emotional significance of events with fear, reward, and sexuality. Deep in temporal lobe |
| Hippocampus | -long term memory, spatial memory and navigation - temporal lobe posterior to amygdala |
| Plasticity | A capacity to change as a result of a experience |
| Endocrine system | the body’s “slow” chemical communication system |
| Sensation | Detecting the signal in the environment |
| Perception | Organizing and understanding events in the environment |
| Psychophysics | the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience |
| Fechner | the concept of the threshold |
| Absolute threshold | detected 50% of the time |
| Just noticeable difference (JND) | smallest difference detectable |
| Signal-Detection Theory | Sensory processes + decision processes |
| Motivation or bias | for action changes by context |
| Light | electromagnetic radiation |
| Amplitude | perception of brightness |
| Wavelength | perception of color |
| Purity | mix of wavelengths |
| Cornea | light enters the eye |
| Lens | focuses the light rays on the retina |
| Iris | colored ring of muscle, regulates amount of light |
| Pupil | constricts or dilates via amount of light |
| Retina | absorbs light, processes images |
| Optic disk | optic nerve connection/blind spot |
| Rods | black and white/low light vision |
| Cones | color and daylight vision |
| Adaptation | becoming more or less sensitive to light as needed |
| Information processing | – Receptive fields – Lateral antagonism |
| Fovea | a small area of the retina more densely packed with receptors capable of high acuity |
| Wavelength determines ... | color – Longer = red / shorter = violet |
| Amplitude determines | brightness |
| Purity determines | saturation |
| Trichromatic theory | Receptors for red, green, blue – color mixing |
| Opponent Process theory | – 3 pairs of antagonistic colors – red/green, blue/yellow, black/white |
| Feature detection theory | bottom-up processing |
| Form perception | top-down processing |
| Gestalt psychologists | the whole is more than the sum of its parts |
| Perceptual sets | drawing things that one can perceive in a different ways by reversing figure and ground |
| Inattentional Blindness | to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst. |
| Change Blindness | ... is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions |
| Stimulus | sound waves |
| Amplitude (hearing) | loudness |
| Wavelength (hearing) | pitch |
| Purity (hearing) | timbre |
| External ear (pinna) | collects sound |
| Middle ear | the ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup or malleus, incus, stapes) |
| Inner ear | the cochlea – a fluid-filled, coiled tunnel – contains the hair cells, the auditory receptors – lined up on the basilar membrane |
| Place theory | where on the membrane is being stimulated |
| frequency theory | the entire membrane vibrates |
| Chemoreception | Sensory systems that detect chemicals including Gustation and Olfaction |
| Taste | gustation |
| Pathway for taste | taste buds -> neural impulse -> thalamus -> cortex |
| Bitter | coffie |
| salty | salt |
| savory | cheese |
| sour | lemons |
| sweet | sugar |
| Olfaction | the molecules from a substance are small and volatile (moveable) enough to reach the olfactory epithelium in the nose. Lock and key |
| Somatosensations | touch and sensations of the body |
| Pain | Psychological Control - Mind over sensation, distraction |
| Gate-Control Theory | The spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain |
| A-delta pathway | transmits acute and fast-acting pains |
| C-fiber pathway | transmits dull and slower-acting pains |
Created by:
EmmaParker1
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