Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Geology Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Catastrophism | Earth's landscape is shaped primarily by catastrophes |
| Uniformitarianism | physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have operated throughout the geologic past. the present is the key to the past |
| Four Major Spheres | Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere |
| Theory | current best explanation |
| Hypothesis | untested explanation |
| Outer Planets (gas giants) | large yet low density |
| Inner Planets | tiny yet high density |
| Chemical Composition of the Earth | Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core |
| Rock Cycle | igneous (melting + cooling) --> sedimentary (weather + erosion) --> metamorphic (heat + pressure) |
| Crust | least dense, outer layer with the mantle and core, rigid because it's cold |
| Plate | makes up Earth's crust and upper mantle, i.e. core, mantle, crust |
| Lithosphere | comprised of the crust and upper mantle, rigid shell, broken into lithospheric plates |
| Asthenosphere | hotter, weaker region of the mantle under the lithosphere |
| Continental Plate | forms part of Earth's lithosphere, composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere; influences earthquakes and mountain building |
| Oceanic Plate | lies beneath the ocean, has thinner and denser composition in comparison to continental plates; known for their earthquakes |
| The essence of plate tectonic theory | The essence of plate tectonic theory is the shift in tectonic plates and how this constant motion creates natural occurrences in the Earth. The rigid shell of Earth's outer layer and chunks of lithosphere causes the constant motion in the asthenosphere. |
| Divergent | plates move apart and new seafloor is created, causes calm/quiet volcanoes and shallow/small earthquakes |
| Convergent | plates move together, i.e. can create mountains belts or recycle oceanic lithosphere, volcanoes are explosive, shallow/deep Earthquakes with the largest magnitude |
| Transform | plates move past each other, no destruction involved, earthquakes are shallow/med-large |
| mid Atlantic bridge is an example of | Divergent Boundaries |
| San Andreas Fault is an example of | Transform Boundaries |
| Pacific NW, Chile is an example of | Convergent Oceanic-Continental Boundaries |
| Marianas Islands, Guam/Tonga is an example of | Convergent Oceanic-Oceanic Boundaries |
| Himalayas is an example of | Convergent Continental- Continental Boundaries |
| The North Atlantic Ocean is 3600km wide; the current seafloor spreading rate is 2 cm/year. Assuming a constant rate, when did the Atlantic Ocean open? | 180,000,000 million years ago |
| Definition of a Mineral | Naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, definite chemical composition and structure |
| What is the difference/similarity between a rock and a mineral? | Rock: are a solid mass of minerals or mineral-like matter, occurs naturally, similar to minerals. |
| examples of minerals | quartz, diamonds, and ice |
| three components of an atom | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| Difference between covalent and ionic bonding | covalent is nonmetal with nonmetal while ionic bonding is metal and nonmetal |
| The 3 general process that led to mineral formation | crystallization, precipitation, deposition |
| Precipitation | occurs when a solid form then falls out of solution, ex: evaporate deposits (salt) and geodes |
| Crystallization | similar to water freezing, ex: magma cooling |
| Deposition | result of biological process, water dwelling organisms transform material into mineral matter, ex: calcium carbonate formation in coral reefs |
| Crystalline | definite crystalline structure and chemical composition of minerals give them unique physical and chemical properties |
| What governs crystal shape and cleavage | bonds/atomic structure |
| Polymorph | minerals with the same composition but different structure, ex: diamonds and graphite |
| Silicate minerals | quartz, olivine, potassium feldspar |
| Non-silicate minerals | Calcite, Magnetite, Fluorite, Copper, Sulfure |
| Lava | liquid rock on the surface |
| Magma | liquid rock on the subsurface |
| 3 components of Magma | solid, liquid, gas |
| Intrusive | when magma crystallizes at depth, intrusive igneous rocks form |
| Extrusive | when magma solidifies on Earth's surface extrusive igneous rocks form |
| Felsic Rock | high silica, light colored, explosive volcanoes (low temp minerals) |
| Mafic Rock | low silica, dark colored, effusive volcanoes, cools first (high temp minerals) |
| Bowen's Reaction Series | how temperature melts certain rock types, includes sequences which different crystal crystallize minerals at different temperatures |
| Texture of igneous rocks | size + minerals determine texture |
| 3 primary mechanisms for melting mantle | temperature increase, decreased pressure, adding something else |
| Fractional Crystallization | as magma cools, early crystal settles by gravity |
| Partial Melting | yields a silica-rick magma, a solid rock melts to form magma |
| Effusive Eruptions | fluid mafic laves |
| Viscosity | materials resistance to flow |
| Eruption Column | from explosions |
| Lava dome | circular, steep-side mound formed from the slow extrusion of viscous lava |
| Two Primary Factors that control the viscosity of magma | temperature + silica |
| aa flows | flows are created when the lava flows more quickly and tends to form at lower temperatures |
| Pahoehoe | flows are created from slower lava flow, forms at higher temperatures |
| The different between aa + pahoehoe flows | flow dynamics + temperature of the lava |
| Scoria | dark-colored extrusive igneous rock, high density, large vesicles |
| Pumice | light-colored volcanic rocks, low density, small vesicles |
| Where can pillow lavas be found? | Hawaiian Islands |
| What is the difference between a Lahar and pyroclastic flow? | Lahar forms when water a volcanic material mixes while pyroclastic flow is a mixture of hot gases infused with volcanic ash and magma |
| Lahar | mudflow on an active or inactive volcano: violent, mixture of water + volcanic debris |
| Pyroclastic Flow | mixture of hot gases infused with incandescent ash + larger, fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter |
| Subduction Zones | tectonic plates are forced beneath another leading to the formation of a volcano, ex: Pacific Ring of Fire |
| Divergent Boundaries | where tectonic plates are moving apart, creating new volcanic islands, ex: The East Pacific Rise |
| Continental Rift Zones | tectonic plates are moving apart, creating new landmass, ex: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge |
| Intraplate volcanism (Hot Spots) | a volcanism that takes place away from the margins of tectonic plates, the mechanisms that explains these include: mantle plumes, non-rigid motion within tectonic plates Examples: Hawaiian Islands, Emperor Seamounts, Yellowstone Hotspot |
Created by:
katiebugs
Popular Physical Science sets