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RAD100 Final Review

TermDefinition
Diagnostic Yield Amount of clinically useful information of an image provides
Diagnostic Efficiency Balancing diagnostic yield with the lowest possible radiation dose (ALARA principle).
Manipulation of Equipment Positioning tube, detector, and patient; adjusting exposure factors (kVp, mAs, distance); and using accessories correctly.
Essential Components of X-ray System X-ray tube, operating console, high-voltage generator, image receptor, collimator.
Major Controls on Console kVp (beam energy), mA (tube current), exposure time, AEC (automatic exposure control), focal spot size, power switch.
Exposure Controls Ensure correct amount of radiation for image quality; prevent repeats and reduce patient dose.
Collimation Assembly Narrows the x-ray beam to area of interest → improves image quality, reduces scatter, and limits patient exposure.
Types of X-ray Tables Fixed: Do not move, used for simple exams. Tilting: Can tilt upright for GI or interventional studies. Floating: Move freely in all directions for patient positioning.
X-ray Tube Supports Ceiling-mounted: Flexible, most common in hospitals. Floor-mounted: Stable, less flexible. C-arm: Used in fluoroscopy and surgery.
Upright Image Receptor Used for chest, sinuses, skull, and weight-bearing exams; allows imaging in vertical position.
Types of Receptors Film-screen (older, analog). CR (Computed Radiography) with imaging plates. DR (Digital Radiography) with flat-panel detectors (faster, more efficient).
Positioning Aids Sandbags, sponges, immobilizers → reduce motion and improve accuracy.
Specialty Radiology Suites Fluoroscopy (real-time imaging). Mammography (breast imaging). Angiography/Interventional (vascular studies). CT/MRI (cross-sectional imaging).
Planes of the Body Sagittal (left/right), Coronal (front/back), Transverse (top/bottom).
Directional Terms Medial = toward midline, Lateral = away from midline. Proximal = closer to trunk, Distal = farther from trunk. Superior = above, Inferior = below.
Body Movements Supination = palm up, Pronation = palm down. Abduction = away from midline, Adduction = toward midline. Flexion/Extension = decrease/increase angle at joint.
Anatomical Position Standing upright, facing forward, palms forward, feet together.
Routine Positions Upper extremities: PA, lateral, oblique. Lower extremities: AP, lateral, oblique. Thorax: PA and lateral chest.
Qualities of a Caring Professional Empathy, patience, communication, ethics, technical skill, teamwork, professionalism.
Needs for Entering Profession Interest in science, desire to help patients, stable career, growth opportunities, working with technology.
Inpatients vs Outpatients Inpatients are admitted, may be very ill, need more assistance. Outpatients come from home, are usually more mobile and independent.
Importance of Patient Interaction Builds trust, reduces anxiety, improves cooperation, reassures family/friends.
Communication with Various Ages Children → simple language, reassurance. Teens → respect privacy, be clear. Adults → direct, professional explanations. Elderly → speak slowly, allow time, show patience.
Interaction with Various Patients Adapt to physical/mental limitations, cultural differences, language barriers, or anxiety levels.
Aging Considerations Fragile bones, decreased mobility, hearing/vision changes, slower processing → requires patience, clear instructions, and careful handling.
Created by: cathrvn
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