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Psychology Test Sept
Chapter 1-4 & Appendix A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proposed Evolutionary psychology | Charles Darwin |
| Pioneer the study of learning | Ivan Pavlov |
| Personality Theorist | Sigmund Freud |
| Most influential observer of children | Jean Piaget |
| Author of an important 1890 Psych textbook | William James |
| Harvard denied her degree; 1st APA President | Mary Calkins |
| 1st Female to receive PSYCH PHD & wrote "The Animal Mind" | Margaret Washburn |
| Mind at birth Blank Slate; Science should rely on observation & experiments | John Locke |
| Looking inself self; self examination of one's own emotional state & mental processes | Introspection |
| Emphasizes the growth potential of HEALTHY people | Humanistic Psychology |
| the view that Psych (1) should be an objectice science that (2) studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes; Most Psycholostists agree with 1 but not 2 | Behaviorism |
| Scientific study of behavior & metal processes; 1960 | Psychology |
| Any action we can observe & record | Behavior |
| Sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs & feelings | Mental processes |
| Studies how our mind processes & retains information | Cognitive Revolution |
| The Study of BRAIN ACTIVITY underlying thought | Congivite Neuroscience |
| Controvery over the relative contributions of biology (genes) & experience | Nature-Nuture Issue |
| The influences of biological, psychological & social cultural factors | Biopsychosocial Approach |
| How the body & brain enable emotions, memories & sensory experiences | Neuroscience |
| How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes | Evolutionary |
| How our genes & enviornment influence our individual differences | Behavior Genetics |
| How behavior springs from unconscious drives & conflicts | Psychodynamic |
| How we encode, process, store & retrieve information | Cognitive |
| How behavior & thinking vary across situations & CULTURES | Social-Culture |
| Explore links between brain & mind | Biological Psychologists |
| Studies our changing abilities from WOMB TO TOMB | Developmental Psychologists |
| Investigate our persistent traits | Personality Psychologists |
| Explore how we view & affect one another | Social Psychologists |
| Pure Science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | Basic Research |
| Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | Applied Research |
| Assists people with problems w/living (school, work, marriage) to achieve greater well being | Counseling Psychology |
| Studies, assesses, & treats people with pyschological disorders | Clinical Psychology |
| STudies & helps individuals in school & educational settings | Educational Psychology |
| Studies & advises on behavior in the workplace | Industrial/Organizational Psychology |
| Branch of medicine; able to provide medical(drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy | Psychiatry |
| Studies how our mind processes & retains information | Cognitive Revolution |
| The Study of BRAIN ACTIVITY underlying thought | Congivite Neuroscience |
| Controvery over the relative contributions of biology (genes) & experience | Nature-Nuture Issue |
| The influences of biological, psychological & social cultural factors | Biopsychosocial Approach |
| How the body & brain enable emotions, memories & sensory experiences | Neuroscience |
| How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes | Evolutionary |
| How our genes & enviornment influence our individual differences | Behavior Genetics |
| How behavior springs from unconscious drives & conflicts | Psychodynamic |
| How we encode, process, store & retrieve information | Cognitive |
| How behavior & thinking vary across situations & CULTURES | Social-Culture |
| Explore links between brain & mind | Biological Psychologists |
| Studies our changing abilities from WOMB TO TOMB | Developmental Psychologists |
| Investigate our persistent traits | Personality Psychologists |
| Explore how we view & affect one another | Social Psychologists |
| Pure Science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | Basic Research |
| Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | Applied Research |
| Assists people with problems w/living (school, work, marriage) to achieve greater well being | Counseling Psychology |
| Studies, assesses, & treats people with pyschological disorders | Clinical Psychology |
| STudies & helps individuals in school & educational settings | Educational Psychology |
| Studies & advises on behavior in the workplace | Industrial/Organizational Psychology |
| Branch of medicine; able to provide medical(drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy | Psychiatry |
| An explanation that organizesobservations & predicts behaviors or events | Theory |
| A testable prediction, option implied by a theory | Hypothesis |
| A statement describing how a researcher measures a research variable | Operational definition |
| A measure of how two factors vary together & how well either factor predicts the other; DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION | Correlation |
| Statistical mesaure of the extent to which two factors vary together | Correlation Coefficient |
| Research method w/word "cause" method in which investigator manipulates factor(s) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process | Experiment |
| Assigning research participants to experimental & control conditions by chance, thus min. pre-existing differences between those assigned to different groups | Random Assignment |
| Group in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment / INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | Experiment Group |
| Group in an experiment that contrasts w/the experimental group & serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment | Control Group |
| the experimental factor that is manipulated whose effect is studied | Independent Variable |
| the outcome factor, may be influenced by the experimental treatment | Dependent Variable |
| Shared ideas & behaviors that one generation passes on to the next | Culture |
| To observe & record behavior; case studies, surveys or natualistic observations | Descripitve Method |
| To detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another; compute stats association with survey responses | Experimental |
| An explanation that organizesobservations & predicts behaviors or events | Theory |
| A testable prediction, option implied by a theory | Hypothesis |
| A statement describing how a researcher measures a research variable | Operational definition |
| An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing things true to all | Case Study |
| Asks people to report their behavior or opinions; looks at many cases in less depth | Survey |
| Entire target group from which samples may be drawn for a study | Population |
| A sample that fairly represents a population b/c each member has an equal chance of inclusion | Random Sample |
| Observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate & control the situation | Naturalistic Observation |
| A measure of how two factors vary together & how well either factor predicts the other; DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION | Correlation |
| Statistical mesaure of the extent to which two factors vary together | Correlation Coefficient |
| The perception of a relationship where none exists | Illusory Correlation |
| Between 0 and +1.00 / a direct relationship, two things increase together or decrease together | Positive Correlation |
| between 0 and -1.0 / an inverse relationship: as one thing increases, the other decreases | Negative Correlation |
| Research method w/word "cause" method in which investigator manipulates factor(s) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process | Experiment |
| Assigning research participants to experimental & control conditions by chance, thus min. pre-existing differences between those assigned to different groups | Random Assignment |
| Group in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment / INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | Experiment Group |
| Group in an experiment that contrasts w/the experimental group & serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment | Control Group |
| the experimental factor that is manipulated whose effect is studied | Independent Variable |
| the outcome factor, may be influenced by the experimental treatment | Dependent Variable |
| Shared ideas & behaviors that one generation passes on to the next | Culture |
| To observe & record behavior; case studies, surveys or natualistic observations | Descripitve Method |
| To detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another; compute stats association with survey responses | Experimental |
| Is concerned with the LINKS between Biology & Behavior | Biological Psychology |
| a nerve cell; basic bulding block of the nervous sytem | Neuron |
| Bushy fibers taht recieve information & conduct it toward the cell body | Dendrite |
| Passes the messages along to other neurons or to muscles or glands | Axon |
| In transmitting sensory info to the brain, an electrical signal travels from | the dendrites to the cell body to the axon (DCA) |
| a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon | Action Potential |
| The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse | Threshold |
| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron & the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called - The Synaptic Gap | Synapse |
| Chemical messengers that travel acorss the Synaptic Gap | Neurotransmitters |
| movement, learning & attention; too much causes schizophrenia; too little Parkinson's | Dopamine |
| mood, hunger, sleep; anti-depressants increase this in the brain | Serotin |
| Body's natural pain killers; increases with excercise | Endorphins |
| Muscle contraction learning, memory; To little causes Alzheimer's | Acetycholine |
| The body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral & central nervous system | Nervous system |
| The brain & spinal cord | Central Nervous system |
| links the central nervous system with the body's sensory receptors, muscles & glands | Peripheral nervous system |
| axons carrying PNS information bundled into the electrical calbes | Nerves |
| carry messages fromt he body's tissues & sensory organs inward to the brain & spinal cord for processing | Sensory neurons |
| neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles & glands | Motor neurons |
| Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate & intervene between the sensory inputs & motor outputs | Interneurons |
| enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles | Somatic nervous system |
| controls our glands & the muscles of our internal organs | Autonomic Nervous system |
| Arouses & expends energy | Sympathetic nervous system |
| calms the body, conserving its energy | Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| our automatic responses to stimuli | Reflex |
| the body's "slow" chemical communications system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | Endocrine |
| Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream & affect other tissues, including the brain. They influence our interest in sex, food & aggression | Hormones |
| a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys, secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress | Adrenal Glands |
| the endocrine system's most influential gland, regulates growth & controls other endocrine glands | Pituitary Gland |
| oldest part of the brain, responsible for automatic functions; this is where most nerves to & from each side of the brain connect with the body's opposite side | Brainstem |
| base of brainstem; Function--Hear rate & breathing | Medulla |
| located on top of the brainstem; brain's sensory switchboard...telephone operator | Thalamamus |
| nerve netowrk in brainstem; arouse you to a state of alertness | Reticular Formation |
| helps with physical coordination & balance; Controls walking & movement | Cerebellum |
| associated with emotions such as fear & aggression, as well as drives such as those for food & sex; Includes Hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus | Limbic System |
| Memory | Hippo |
| Fear & aggression | Amyg |
| Pleasure | Hypothal |
| neural cneter int he limbic system linked to emotion | Amygdala |
| a structure in the limbic system linked to memory | Hypothalamus |
| interconnected neural cells that cover cerebral hemispheres; body's ultimate control & information processing center | Cerebral Cortex |
| Each hemisphere divided into 4 lobes | Structure of Cerebral Cortex |
| forehead - Involved in SPEAKING & muscle movements & in making plans & judgements | Frontal Lobe |
| Behind frontal - feel, touch & other sense organs | Parietal lobe |
| Lower back of head - receives visual information from the opposite visual field VISUAL | Occipital Lobe |
| by ears, include the AUDITORY areas | Temporal Lobe |
| Controls voluntary movement | Motor cortex |
| registers & processes body touch & movement sensations | Sensory Cortex |
| the cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory motor functions. Involved in high level mental functions such as learning, thinking, remembering, & speaking | Association Areas |
| Speech production; if injured you cannot speak | Broca's Area |
| language comprehension; if damaged you cannot comprehend language or be able to read | Wernicke's Area |
| brain's ability to modify itself after some types of damage | Plasticity |
| bundle of neural biers that connects two hemispheres of brain & carries messages between them | Corpus Callosum |
| a condition in which the brain's two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers connecting them | Split brain |
| Language & logic | Left Brain |
| Recognizes Pictures | Right Brain |
| Expectations about the way men & women should behave | Gender Roles |
| Behaviors, ideas, values, & traditions shared by a group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next | Culture |
| the sex chromomosome found in both men & women | X Chromosome (XX) |
| the sex chromosome found in men only | Y Chromosome (XY) |
| a set of expectations (norms) about a social postition, defining how those in the position ought to behave | Role |
| One's sense of being male or female | Gender Identity |
| the acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role | Gender typing |
| learn social behavior by observing & imitating and by being rewarded or punished | Social Learning Theory |
| Children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male or female & that they adjust their behavior accordingly (career options) | Gender Schema Theory |
Created by:
Luv Fall
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