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Ch. 3 Psy of Learnin
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Serendipity | the occurrence and development of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way |
| Unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that reliably elicits a characteristic response (e.g., food) |
| Conditioned stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially evoke the UR (e.g., bell) |
| Unconditioned response | the natural response to the stimulus (e.g., salivation) |
| Conditioned response | after the US and CS are paired, the CR is the new response elicited by the CS (e.g., salivation) |
| Preparation | a specific set of experimental conditions, using the same US, UR, and species |
| Pavlov’s Unconditioned stimulus | food |
| Pavlov’s Unconditioned response | salvation |
| Pavlov’s Conditioned stimulus | bell |
| Pavlov's Conditioned response | salivation (2) |
| Rabbit: Unconditioned stimulus | puff of air or light shock |
| Rabbit: Unconditioned response | eyeblink |
| Rabbit: Conditioned stimulus | brief tone or light |
| Rabbit: Conditioned response | eyeblink (2) |
| Conditioned suppression | the reduction of the frequency of a learner response, i.e., when a conditioned response (pressing a bar for water) was originally elicited by a pain stimulus the conditioned response can be suppressed and replaced with a bell (neutral response) |
| Conditioned suppression example | US – shock UR – jump, squeal, freeze, etc. CS – long presentation of visual, auditory, or tactile cue CR – lower rates of bar pressing |
| Conditioned taste aversion | avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming the food |
| Conditioned taste aversion example | US – poison UR – nausea CS – Novel food flavor CR – avoidance of the specific food |
| Conditioned taste aversion factors | - It can be learned in 1 trial - May last for your entire life - May develop even if the person knows it was not the food that made you sick - Forms even after long gaps between US and sickness |
| Skin conductance response | - Also known as electrodermal response or the galvanic skin response - The conductivity of the skin is affected by emotions - Typically human subjects |
| Skin conductance response example | US: shock UR: increase in conductivity CS: tone CR: increase in conductivity |
| The conditioned stimulus can become a substitute for the | unconditioned stimulus |
| Problems with this CS becoming a substitute for the US | - the CR is almost never an exact replication of the UR - a US may elicit several responses, but the CS may elicit only one of those |
| Problems with this CS becoming a substitute for the US (2) | - the CR may include response components that are not part of the UR - sometimes the direction of the CR is opposite of the UR (e.g., morphine injections) |
| According to Pavlov, there is a | -US center -CS center - Response center in the brain |
| S-S Association | -A learned association between two stimuli -The conditioned stimulus (CS) leads to anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US), preparing for the unconditioned response. -CS center activates US center, which in turn activates the response center |
| S-R Association | -CS center activates response center directly -Is psychological framework that conceptualizes behavior in terms of the relationship between stimuli and responses |
| Devaluation studies | posits that behaviors can be learned through the association between different stimuli. |
| What supports the S-S associations | reevaluation |
| Acquisition | the rate of acquisition and its asymptote is affected by the intensity of the US |
| Two types of acquisition | -negatively accelerated -ogival |
| Negatively accelerated | Most learning occurs in the early trials |
| Ogival | slow initial learning rate, then a fast rate, followed by a slowing down |
| Extinction | -presentation of the CS without the US - large losses of the CR in the first few trials - extinction is not simply an unlearning - Spontaneous recovery - Disinhibition – present a novel stimulus during extinction phase |
| Pavlov thought that during pairings | an excitatory association was formed |
| Pavlov also thought that during extinction | an inhibitory association is formed. |
| Excitatory association | process by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a positive or rewarding event leading to an increased likelihood of a particular response |
| Example of excitatory association | -An US, such as food, naturally evokes an UR, like salivation in dogs. -A NS like the sound of a bell, is repeatedly presented alongside the US. -Over time, the NS becomes a CS that triggers a CR, such as salivation, even in the absence of the US. |
| Spontaneous recovery | he emergence of a habituated response after a delay |
| Disinhibition | present a novel stimulus during extinction phase |
| Inhibitory | process by which certain stimuli or responses are learned to suppress or reduce a conditioned response |
| Example of inhibitory | If a person associates a barking dog with a potential bite (excitatory conditioning) but then learns that when the dog’s owner is present the dog won’t bite, the owner’s presence becomes an inhibitory signal that reduces fear. |
| Steps to demonstrate conditioned inhibition: | 1) CS-a is paired with US until there is a reliable CR 2) CS-b is paired with CS-a, but not US 3) At first, CS-b will elicit a CR, but after many pairings, no CR will occur 4) Test the inhibitory CS-b by a) summation test b) retardation test |
| Summation test | presenting a putative conditioned inhibitor alongside an excitatory CS to determine if the inhibitor decreases the CS evoked by the excitatory stimulus |
| Generalization | a tendency to respond to different, but similar stimuli to the CS |
| Discrimination | a tendency to respond to the CS, but not to other stimuli |
| Temporal relationships between the CS and US | Short CS-US intervals are typically optimal for learning (contiguity) |
| Short delay | the CS is presented before the US with brief delay (less than a min) between the two |
| long delay | the CS is presented for a long duration of before the US is delivered |
| Trace | the process where the neutral stimulus CS is paired with an US with a gap between them |
| Simultaneous | the CS and US are presented at the same time |
| Backward | an US is presented before the NS |
| Contingency | -the conditional, probabilistic, relationship between two events where one event depends on the occurrence of another 1) US | CS 2) US | no CS |
| Contiguity | stating that forming connections between ideas, events (e.g., stimuli and responses), or other items depends on their proximity in space or time |
| Higher order conditioning | -CS are able to elicit responses even when the original unconditioned stimulus is no longer present. -process can result in complex behavioral patterns, such as taste aversion and fears. -A CR is transferred from one CS to another |
| Systematic desensitization | - the main idea is stepwise extinction of the fear - usually train with deep muscle relaxation |
| Relearning effect | process of acquiring knowledge or skills again after they have been forgotten or not used for a significant amount of time |
| Aversive counterconditioning | - overeating, drinking, smoking, drug use - goal is to develop an aversive CR to stimuli associated with the undesirable behavior |
| Response recovery | the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a period of non-exposure to the CS |
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JazzyJ77
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