Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch.2 Psy of Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ethologists | – scientists who study how animals behave in their natural environments - tend to study species-specific behaviors |
| How are they different from psychologists? | -the location is different -not species-specific |
| Reflex | a stereotyped pattern of movement of a part of the body that can be reliably elicited by presenting the appropriate stimulus |
| Examples of reflexes in infants | - sucking - knee flex if pain on foot - grasping reflex - pupil constriction in light - coughing when throat is irritated |
| Most reflexes are very | simple |
| Sensory neuron | nerve cells that transmit information from external and internal stimuli to the central nervous system for processing, allowing organisms to perceive sensations like touch, temperature, and pain. |
| Interneuron (in the spinal cord) | are specialized nerve cells that primarily serve as connectors within the central nervous system (CNS). Their unique role is to facilitate communication between other neurons. |
| How reflexes work | automatic and involuntary actions the body produces in response to certain stimuli. While some reflexes can involve muscles and movement, others involve internal processes within the body. |
| Motor neuron | nerve cells that carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to your muscles and glands. They control everything from blinking and walking to breathing and digestion. |
| Tropism | a movement or change in orientation of the entire organism |
| How are tropisms different from reflexes? | are different in their directional responses to stimuli, speed, the organisms that perform them, how they adapt to their environment, the stimuli involved, whether they're innate or learned, and how they're controlled. |
| Taxes | a movement towards or away from a stimulus |
| Positive taxes | -going towards -moths moving toward the light |
| Negative taxes | going away |
| Kinesis | an increase or decrease in general movement due to a stimulus |
| Example of kinesis | a wood louse has a negative humidity kinesis, they around less when its humid |
| The difference between taxis and kinesis | The main difference between taxis and kinesis is that taxis is the directed movement of living organisms in response to a particular stimulus whereas kinesis is the random movement of living organisms. |
| Is it possible for 1 organism that has a taxis for a specific stimulus to show the same behavior as an organism that has a kinesis for that same stimulus? | yes, because both taxis and kinesis involve movement in response to stimuli, but they differ in the direction and purpose of the movement |
| Fixed action patterns | 1) part of the behavioral repertoire of all members of a species 2) not a result of prior learning experiences - deprivation experiments 3) the sequence of behaviors occurs in a rigid order |
| Sign stimulus | a specific stimulus that initiates a fixed action pattern |
| Examples of fixed action patterns | - Begging of herring gulls - Three-spined stickleback |
| Supernormal stimulus | a distorted sign stimulus that elicits a more intense fixed action pattern than a normal sign stimulus |
| Examples of supernormal stimulus | larger egg of a different species given to oyster catcher and bird will abandon their eggs to care for larger |
| Reaction Chains | when initiated, reaction chains can stop, whereas fixed action patterns will complete until the entire repertoire is complete |
| Habituation | a decrease in the strength of a response after repeated presentations |
| Sensitization | an increase in the strength of a response after repeated presentations |
| Habituation is not | sensory adaptation or response fatigue. |
| General Principles of Habituation | 1. The course of habituation 2. The effects of time (spontaneous recovery) 3. Relearning effects 4. The effects of stimulus intensity 5. The effects of overlearning 6. Stimulus generalization |
| Physiological Mechanisms of Habituation | Reduction in the amount of neurotransmitter that sensory neurons release |
| Do habituation and sensitization use opposite processes? | No, their theory predicts that the same stimulus could result in both habituation and sensitization, it just depends on the subject’s state |
| Habituation has a | reflex arc |
| Sensitization has a | state system |
| Reflex arc | a neural pathway that controls reflex actions, allowing for quick, involuntary responses to stimuli without the need for conscious thought. |
Created by:
JazzyJ77
Popular Psychology sets