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Heat Transfer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an energy transformation? | When energy changes from one form into another form. |
| What is an energy input? | The form of energy supplied to a system. |
| What is an energy output? | A form of energy produced as energy moves through a system. |
| What form of energy is stored in a battery? | Chemical energy |
| What form of energy powers an electric motor? | Electrical energy |
| What form of energy is shown by a spinning fan or moving wheel? | Mechanical energy |
| What form of energy is shown when an object becomes warmer? | Thermal energy |
| What form of energy is shown when a device can be heard? | Sound energy |
| What form of energy from the Sun enters a solar panel? | Radiant energy |
| What is the pathway for a battery-powered motor? | Chemical energy → electrical energy → mechanical energy |
| What is the pathway for a solar panel powering a motor? | Radiant energy → electrical energy → mechanical energy |
| What transformation occurs in a generator? | Mechanical energy → electrical energy |
| What outputs can an electric lamp produce? | Light energy and thermal energy |
| What transformation can friction cause? | Mechanical energy → thermal energy |
| What observation is evidence of mechanical energy? | Movement, spinning, vibration, or changing position |
| What observation is evidence of thermal energy? | An increase in temperature or an object becoming warmer |
| What observation is evidence of sound energy? | Sound that can be heard or an increase in sound level |
| What measurement can provide evidence of electrical energy? | Electrical current |
| What does the Law of Conservation of Energy mean? | Energy is not created or destroyed; total energy in equals total energy out. |
| A system receives 100 J. 70 J becomes mechanical and 20 J becomes thermal. How much remains? | 10 J |
| A system receives 120 J. 90 J becomes mechanical. How much remains for another output? | 30 J |
| What is temperature related to? | The average kinetic energy of particles |
| What is thermal energy? | The total energy associated with particle motion in matter |
| What direction does thermal energy naturally transfer? | From higher temperature matter to lower temperature matter |
| What happens to particle motion when matter warms? | Average kinetic energy increases |
| What happens to particle motion when matter cools? | Average kinetic energy decreases |
| What is conduction? | Thermal-energy transfer through direct contact and particle collisions |
| How does conduction transfer energy through a metal? | Faster-moving particles transfer energy to neighboring particles through collisions |
| Do particles travel through a solid during conduction? | No; energy is passed through collisions between neighboring particles |
| What is convection? | Thermal-energy transfer caused by movement of a liquid or gas |
| What happens to warmer fluid? | It becomes less dense and rises |
| What happens to cooler fluid? | It becomes more dense and sinks |
| What creates a convection current? | Warm fluid rises while cooler fluid sinks |
| Where should warm water enter a tank to help create convection circulation? | Near the bottom |
| What is radiation? | Energy transfer by electromagnetic waves |
| Which type of thermal-energy transfer does not require matter? | Radiation |
| Why can you feel warmth from a campfire while standing to the side? | Radiation transfers energy by electromagnetic waves |
| Does radiation require direct contact? | No |
| What is thermal equilibrium? | When substances reach the same temperature and there is no net thermal-energy transfer |
| Do particles stop moving at thermal equilibrium? | No; particles continue moving |
| What happens to the rate of thermal-energy transfer as temperatures get closer? | The rate decreases |
| At thermal equilibrium, is there net thermal-energy transfer? | No |
| How can you identify the best insulator from temperature data? | The best insulator keeps the substance at the highest temperature after the same amount of time |
| Why does a good insulator keep hot water warmer? | It reduces thermal-energy transfer to the surroundings |
| What measurement could show that a battery supplied energy to a device? | Compare the battery charge before and after the device operates |
| What measurement could show that a generator produced electrical energy? | Measure the electrical current produced |
| What should scientific evidence be? | Something that is observed or measured |
| What evidence supports a claim that a system has more than one energy output? | More than one observable result, such as motion, warming, light, or sound |
| How can an investigation isolate radiation? | Keep the objects from touching and place them in a vacuum |
| Why does a vacuum help isolate radiation? | It removes matter that could cause convection while radiation can still travel |
| Why should objects not touch when testing radiation? | To reduce conduction |
| Why would adding a metal rod interfere with a radiation investigation? | The rod would allow conduction |
| Why would adding a fan interfere with a radiation investigation? | The fan would increase convection |
| A hot object is placed in cooler water. Which way does thermal energy move? | From the hot object to the cooler water |
| If two substances reach the same temperature, what should you conclude? | They reached thermal equilibrium and there is no net thermal-energy transfer |
| A device vibrates, becomes warmer, and makes sound. What outputs are present? | Mechanical energy, thermal energy, and sound energy |
| A student claims cold energy moves into a hot object. What is wrong with the claim? | Cold energy does not transfer; thermal energy transfers from warmer matter to cooler matter |
| A student says particles stop moving at equilibrium. Is the claim correct? | No; particles continue moving even though there is no net thermal-energy transfer |
| A student wants evidence that a battery powers a system. What is the strongest measurement? | Battery charge before and after operation |
| A student wants evidence for every step in an energy pathway. What should the investigation measure? | Evidence for the input, each transformation, and the output |
| Does "cold energy" move from a cooler object into a warmer object? | No; thermal energy transfers from warmer matter to cooler matter |
| During conduction, do hot particles travel from one end of a solid to the other? | No; neighboring particles transfer energy through collisions |
| Does heat rise? | No; warmer, less-dense fluids rise, which can create convection |
| Does radiation mean hot particles travel through the air? | No; radiation transfers energy by electromagnetic waves |
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