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Heat Transfer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is thermal energy? | The total kinetic energy of the particles in a substance; depends on temperature |
| What is heat? | The transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler one. |
| What is temperature? | The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. |
| What is thermal expansion? | The increase in volume of matter when it is heated because particles move faster and spread apart. |
| What is density? | The amount of mass in a given volume (mass ÷ volume). |
| Define conduction. | Transfer of heat through direct contact between particles. |
| Define convection. | Transfer of heat by movement of fluids (liquids or gases) in currents. |
| Define radiation. | Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves; can occur through empty space. |
| What is an insulator? Give an example. | A material that resists the transfer of heat (e.g. |
| What is a conductor? Give an example. | A material that allows heat to pass through easily (e.g. |
| What happens to molecular motion when heat is added? | Molecules move faster and collide more. |
| What is thermal equilibrium? | When two objects reach the same temperature and no more heat transfer occurs. |
| What is specific heat? | The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1°C. |
| State the Law of Conservation of Energy. | Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| A metal spoon gets hot in a bowl of soup while a wooden spoon does not. Why? | Metal is a conductor; wood is an insulator. |
| Why does warm air rise near a heater while cooler air sinks? | Convection; heated air is less dense and rises |
| How does the Sun heat Earth’s surface? | By radiation through empty space. |
| Why does sitting by a campfire feel warm even if you’re not touching the flames? | Radiation; infrared waves transfer heat. |
| Which type of heat transfer mainly explains how pasta cooks in boiling water? | Convection; hot water circulates and transfers heat. |
| Compare conduction and radiation. | Conduction requires particle collisions; radiation transfers energy through waves in space. |
| Why are pot handles often made of plastic or wood instead of metal? | They are insulators |
| A black car gets hotter than a white car in the sun. Why? | Black absorbs more radiant energy than white. |
| A student claims “conduction and convection require matter | but radiation does not.” Do you accept or reject this claim? Explain. |
| How do conduction | convection |
| Two students argue: one says “convection only happens in liquids | ” the other says “it happens in gases too.” Who is correct |
| You stand in front of a fireplace and feel warmth. A friend says it must be conduction. Do you agree? Why or why not? | Disagree; conduction requires contact |
| Which type of heat transfer is responsible for ocean currents and wind patterns? Explain. | Convection; differences in density cause warm fluids to rise and cooler fluids to sink. |
| Imagine Earth without an atmosphere. Which type of heat transfer from the Sun would still work? Why? | Radiation; it does not need matter to transfer energy. |
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