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AP Psych Unit 0
Research Methods
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Critical Thinking | examines assumption and knowledge with more than intuition |
| Hindsight Bias | I knew it all along |
| Peer Reviewers | other scientists who are experts |
| Theory | idea formed with prior research |
| Hypothesis | testable idea formed before research |
| Operational Definition | a clear, specific way to observe |
| Replication | different group using same operation |
| Case Study | observing for in-depth material (1 person) |
| Naturalistic Observation | watching but not intervening |
| Survey | individuals report their own behavior |
| Social Desirability bias | people answering to please researcher |
| Self-Report bias | people inaccurately report their behhaviors |
| Sampling bias | generalize form a few cases |
| Random sample | everyone has a chance to be in same group |
| Population | all those in a group being studied |
| Correlation | 2 factors vary each other |
| Correlation coefficient | statistical index of relationship |
| Variable | anything that can vary and be measured |
| Scatterplot | graphed cluster of dots |
| Illusory correlation | perceiving a relationship where none exists |
| Regression toward the mean | we think uncontrollable events correlate with actions |
| Experiment | enable researchers to isolate effects |
| Experimental group | people receive the treatment |
| Control group | they don't receive the treatment (placebo) |
| Random assignment | randomly assign people to a group |
| Single-blind procedure | participants don't know what they're receiving |
| Double-blind procedure | nobody knows who receives what |
| Placebo effect | expectation of participants can affect the experiment |
| Independent variable | can be changed independently without affecting anything |
| Confounding variable | factors that can potentially influence results |
| Experimenter bias | researchers unintentionally pick results supporting their beliefs |
| Dependent variable | depends on what occurs during experiment |
| Validity | experiment tests what's supposed to be tested |
| Quantitative research | numerical data to represent variables |
| Qualitative research | relies on in-depth, narrative, data |
| Informed consent | permission granted in the knowledge of consequences |
| Debrief | explain research afterward including any deception |
| Descriptive statistics | summary and organization of raw data |
| Histogram | graph that uses rectangles to show variables |
| Mode | most frequently occurred data in a set |
| Mean | total scores divided by number of scores |
| Median | middle of the data range |
| Percentile rank | percentage of scores less than given score |
| Skewed | distribution of data is lopsided |
| Range | gap between the lowest and highest score |
| Standard deviation | how many scores are close to mean |
| Normal curve | bell-shaped curve of data |
| Inferential statistics | how reliable and significant differences are |
| Meta-analysis | examination of data from same subject |
| Statistically significant | result is unlikely to occur by chance |
| Effect size | quantitative measures of magnitude or significance |
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