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RADT 334
Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ability to do work or physically influence surroundings because of position, chemical state, or nuclear state | Energy |
| Einstein's mass-energy equivalence equation | E=mc^2 |
| Any electromagnetic or particulate radiation that has sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atom | Ionizing radiation |
| 1/1000 of a rad | mrad |
| The procedure of confining the x-ray beam to the area of atomic interest to limit patient radiation dose | Collimation |
| This phosphor with which Roentgen was experimenting with when he discovered x-rays | Barium Platinocyanide |
| What year was x-rays discovered | 1895 |
| The year Roentgen won the Nobel Prize in physics | 1901 |
| True/False: Mass fluctuates with gravitational influence | False |
| Name four examples of electromagnetic radiation | x-rays, gamma rays, visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation |
| What is the purpose of the x-ray beam filtration | Removes low energy x-rays from the beam |
| According to the text, how many mSv of the annual radiation dose is due to medical x-rays (based on the 2006 report)? | 3.2 mSv |
| ALARA stands for what | As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
| Name three sources of naturally occurring radiation | Cosmic, Terrestrial, internally deposited radionuclides |
| What naturally occurring radiation source is the #1 cause of lung cancer in the United States in non-smokers | Radon gas |
| The three fundamental units of measurement | Length, mass, and time |
| Secondary quantities that are derived from a combination of one or more of the three base quantities | Derived quantity |
| Quantities derived from the base quantities that are used only in specialty areas of science | Special quantity |
| Newton's first law | Inertia: A body at rest or in motion will remain so until acted on by another force |
| Newton's second Law | Force: The force of an object is equal to the mass times the acceleration |
| Newton's third law | Action/Reaction: For every action, there is an equal opposite reaction |
| The rate of chance of velocity with time | Acceleration |
| The transfer of thermal energy from one position to another by a moving fluid medium (liquid or gas) | Convection |
| The force applied to an object multiplied by the distance over which it is applied | Work |
| The rate of change of position with time; aka speed | Velocity |
| Equation of force | F=ma |
| Equation for velocity | v=d/t |
| Equation for acceleration | a=(vf-vo)/t |
| Equation for momentum | p=mv |
| Equation of power | P=work/t or Fd/t |
| Equation for Weight | mass*gravity |
| Equation for work | Fd |
| Equation for kinetic energy | 1/2mv^2 |
| Equation for potential energy | mgh |
| Symbol and SI unit for Velocity | v, m/s |
| Symbol and SI unit for Acceleration | a, ms^2 |
| Symbol and SI unit for Force | F, N |
| Symbol and SI unit for Weight | Wt, N or lbs |
| Symbol and SI unit for Momentum | p, kg*m/s |
| Symbol and SI unit for Work | W, J |
| Symbol and SI unit for Power | P, J/s or W |
| Symbol and SI unit for Kinetic Energy | KE, J |
| Symbol and SI unit for Potential Energy | PE, J |
| When adding fraction, you first find a ____ _____ | Common denominator |
| To multiply fractions, simply _____ numerators and denominators | Multiply |
| To divide fractions, you must ____ the second fraction then multiply | Invert (keep, change, flip) |
| To convert a fraction into a decimal, __ the numerator __ the denominator | Divide, by |
| Measurement unit used to calculate radiation intensity in air | Roentgen |
| absorbed dose measurement unit | rad |
| Measurement unit used to calculate occupational exposure | rem |
| Measurement unit to calculate radioactivity | curie |
| SI equivalent of the R | C/kg |
| SI equivalent of the rad | gray |
| SI equivalent of the ren | Sievert |
| SI equivalent of the curie | becquerel |
| Any quantum of electromagnetic radiation. It has no mass and no charge | Photon |
| Positively charged beta particle | Positron |
| Neutrons and protons | Nucleon |
| An arrangement of all known elements into rows and columns. The rows relate to the # of electron shells present; the columns relate to the number of electrons in the outermost shell | Periotic table |
| Time required to reduce radioactivity to half its original value | Radioactive half-life |
| Innermost electron shell | K shell |
| The nucleus of a helium atom - two neutrons and two protons | alpha particle |
| Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers | IsoTOPE |
| Atomic nuclei that have the same atomic mass but different atomic numBERs | IsoBAR |
| Atoms that have the same number of neutrons but different number of proTONS | IsoTONE |
| Atoms that have the same atomic number and the same atomic mass number (just exist at different eNERgy states) | IsoMER |
| The force that keeps an electron in orbit | Centripetal force |
| No outermost shell can contain more than __ electrons | Eight |
| In the equation 2n^2, n represents what | Shell number |
| In a normal state, atoms possess this charge | Neutral (0) |
| The smallest particle that has all of the properties of an element | Atom |
| The number of protons in an atom | Atomic number |
| The number of protons and neutrons in an atom | Atomic mass number |
| Symbol for atomic number | Z# |
| Symbol for atomic mass | A |
| Atoms of various elements combine to form this | Molecule |
| Any quantity of one type of molecule | Compound |
| The smallest particle of a compound | Molecule |
| An electron emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom | Beta particle |
| For what is Mendeleev remembered | Periodic table |
| Who developed the concept of the atom as a miniature solar system | Neils Bohr |
| List the fundamental particles within an atom | Electrons, protons, and neutrons |
| Molecules are what type of bond | Covalent |
| Compounds are what type of bond | Ionic bond |
| Type of particle which ionizes quickly, doesn't travel far - originates out of the nucleus; least penetrating | Alpha particle |
| Type of particle which is similar to the electron - can be negative or positive - originates out of the nucleus | Beta Particle |
| SI system of measurements | Meters, kilograms, and second |
| CGS system of measurements | Centimeters, grams, and second |
| MKS system of measurements | Meters, kilograms, and seconds |
| British system of measurements | Foot, pounds, and seconds |
| Base units | Mass - Kilograms, Length - Meters, Time - Seconds |
| To convert to the SI system, Multiply the rad or rem by ___ or the Ci by ___. (If converting R to C/kg, multiply by ___) | 0.01, 3.7x10^10, 2.58x10^-4 |
| What are the Special Quantities used in radiology | Exposure, dose, effective dose, and radioactivity |
| What is the law of conservation | Energy cannot be created or destroyed; rather, it is transformed |
| Electromagnetic forms of energy from lowest to highest frequency | Radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays |
| The transfer of thermal energy by touch - temperature equalizes (in x-ray tube, heat from anode dissipates to the rotor - to the insulating oil) | Conduction |
| The transfer of thermal energy by mechanical means via gas or liquid molecules - steam heat radiator, forced air furnace (in x-ray tube, heat transferred by convection to tube housing) | Convection |
| The transfer of thermal energy through infrared radiation (x-ray tube cools primarily through this form of heat transfer) | Radiation |
| Biggest source of natural radiation to humans | Uranium > Radium > !Radon! |
| ____ and collimation limits the radiation field | PBL (Positive Beam Limitations) |
| Scientific prefixes for - mega | 10^6, M |
| Scientific prefixes for - kilo | 10^3, k |
| Scientific prefixes for - centi | 10^-2, c |
| Scientific prefixes for - mili | 10^-3, m |
| Scientific prefixes for - micro | 10^-6, µ |
| Who came up with the Plum Pudding model - electrons suspended in a gelatinous material | Thomson |
| Who came up with the Hook and Eye combinations - first one to describe element being composed of identical atoms | Dalton |
| Who disproved Thomson's model by discovering that atoms had a nucleus surrounded by a negative cloud of electrons | Rutherford |
| Who came up with today's model of an atom - miniature solar system | Bohr |
| The branch of physics concerned with the study of objects in motion | Mechanics |
| Anything that occupies space and has mass | Matter |
| Removal of an electron from an atom | Ionization |
| Random motion of molecules | Heat |
| Smallest particle that has all the properties of an element | Atom |
| When was x-rays first developed | 1895 |
| When was Fluoroscopy first developed | 1898-1900s |
| When was Nuclear Medicine first developed | Early 1900s |
| When was Ultrasound first developed | 1960s |
| When was CT first developed | 1970s |
| When was MRI first developed | 1970s |
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