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Psychology Ch.1 Quiz
Topic: What is Psychology?
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | is a scientific discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment. |
| Scientific psychology is based on ________ and _________ evidence, gathered by careful ___________, experimentation, and ___________ | research, empirical, observation, measurement |
| Psychology’s methods and its reliance on _________ evidence distinguish it from _____________ and “____________.” | empirical, pseudoscience, psychobabble |
| Like scientists in other fields, psychological researchers strive to: | – discover new phenomena and correct mistaken ideas – deepen our understanding of an already familiar world |
| Wilhelm Wundt | - Official founder of scientific psychology - Developed technique of trained introspection - Though too subjective for a reliable methodology, it illustrated the movement toward making psychology a science. |
| Functionalism | • Inspired by evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin. • Emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness. • One of its leading proponents was William James. |
| Psychoanalysis | - Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis emphasized unconscious causes of mental and emotional problems. - Freud argued that conscious awareness is merely the tip of a mental iceberg. |
| Four points of view predominate today in psychological science: | - biological – learning – cognitive – sociocultural |
| In addition, various movements have emerged that don’t fit neatly into one of these perspectives | - humanism - feminism |
| Biological perspective | emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts, as well as genetic contributions to behavior. – electrical impulses – hormones – chemical substances |
| Biological psychologists study how these events ________ with events in the ________ environment to produce perceptions, ________, emotions, and vulnerability to mental disorder. | interact, external, perceptions |
| Within the biological perspective, a popular specialty, ____________ __________, is following in the footsteps of functionalism. | Within the biological perspective, a popular specialty, evolutionary psychology, is following in the footsteps of functionalism. • The message of the biological approach is that we cannot really know ourselves if we do not know our bodies. |
| The message of the biological approach is: | that we cannot really know ourselves if we do not know our bodies. |
| Learning perspective emphasizes how: | environment and experience affect an individual’s actions. – behaviorists reject mentalistic explanations – Social-cognitive learning theorists combine elements of behaviorism with the study of thoughts, values, expectations, intentions. |
| Cognitive perspective emphasizes: | – mental processes in perception – problem solving – memory – acquisition of morality – other human activities (language/behavior |
| Sociocultural perspective | emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior: – social contexts – cultural rules |
| Cultural psychologists | examine how cultural rules and values, both explicit and unspoken, affect people’s: – development – behavior – feelings |
| What do psychologist do? | - Teaching/research college or university - Provide mental health services - Research applied to nonacademic settings |
| Critical thinking: | Ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well- supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote |
| Critical thinking helps people: | evaluate competing findings on psychological issues that are personally and socially important. |
| Critical thinkers are able to: | – look for flaws in arguments – resist claims that have no support |
| Critical thinking is___________ __ ___ _______, including psychological science. | fundamental to all science |
| Five essential steps to critical thinking are: | 1. Ask questions, be willing to wonder. 2. Define your terms. 3. Analyze assumptions and biases. 4. Examine the evidence. 5. Weigh conclusions. |
| One of the first __________ facing any researcher is to select the ____________/________ for a study. | challenges, participants/subjects |
| representative sample: | a group of individuals, selected from a population for study, that matches the population on important characteristics. |
| Descriptive methods | allow researchers to describe and predict behavior but do not explain why the behavior happens or which factors influence its emergence. |
| Case studies | are detailed descriptions of individuals They may include information about a person’s: – childhood – dreams – fantasies – experiences – relationships – anything that will provide insight into the person’s behavior |
| Case studies __________ psychological principles in a way that abstract ________________ and cold statistics never can | illustrate, generalizations |
| - Case Studies produce a ____ detailed picture of an __________ than other methods do. - But because the person under study may not be _____________ of people in _______, case studies are typically sources rather than tests of hypotheses. | - more, individual - representative, general |
| observational studies | researchers systematically: – observe – measure – record behavior • However, they do this without interfering in any way with the behavior. • Unlike case studies, observational studies usually involve many participants. |
| Naturalistic observation | is used to find out how animals and people behave in their natural environments. • Psychologists use naturalistic observation wherever people happen to be: – at home – on playgrounds or streets – in schoolrooms |
| Laboratory observation | allows the researcher more control and the use of special equipment. • Behavior in the laboratory, however, may differ from behavior in natural contexts. • Observational studies are more useful for describing behavior than for explaining it |
| Psychological tests | are used to measure and evaluate: – personality traits – emotional states – aptitudes – interests – abilities |
| objective tests | or inventories, measure characteristics of which an individual is aware. |
| Projective tests | tap unconscious feelings or motives |
| A good test is one that has: | – reliability: producing the same results from one time and place to another – validity: the ability to measure what the test was designed to measure |
| Surveys are questionnaires.... | or interviews that ask people directly about their: – experiences – attitudes – opinions • Surveys produce bushels of data, but they are not easy to do well. • Sampling problems are often an issue. |
| correlational | In descriptive research, studies that look for relationships between phenomena |
| - A positive correlation.... – A negative correlation .... | - means that high values of one variable are associated with high values of the other. – means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other. |
| The correlation coefficient is | a measure of correlation that ranges in value from −1.00 to +1.00. |
| Experiments allow researchers to: | – control the situation being studied – manipulate an independent variable – assess the effects of the manipulation on a dependent variable |
| Ideally, everything in the experimental situation except the ___________ ________ is held constant—kept the same for all participants. | independent variable |
| Experimental studies often involve______ __________ of participants to: | random assignment – an experimental condition – a control condition |
| a cross-sectional study, | different groups of participants are compared at the same time. |
| a longitudinal study, | the same people are followed over a period of time and reassessed at regular intervals |
| a single-blind study, | participants do not know which condition they are in. |
| ____________ _______ can influence results | Experimenter effects |
| In a double-blind study, | neither the researcher nor the participants know who is which group until after results are tallied. |
| placebo | fake treatment |
| If the _______ produces the same result as the real thing, the reason must be the participants’ ____________ rather than the _________itself | placebo, expectations, treatments |
| Informed consent: | Participants must enter a study voluntarily and must know enough about it to make an intelligent decision about taking part. |
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