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Chapter 1 Lecture

TermDefinition
Geology Science that pursues and understanding of planet Earth.
Physical Geology Examines materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and on the surface of our planet *current events*
Historical Geology Seeks an understanding of the origin of Earth and its development through time *what happened in the past*
Resources Include water, soil, metallic and nonmetallic minerals, and energy *important part of geology*
James Usher mid 1600s Catastrophism Earth's landscapes shaped primarily by catastrophes
James Hutton 1795 Uniformitarianism Physical, chemical, and biologic laws have operated all throughout geologic past The present is the key to the past
Hypothesis Tentative (or untested) explanation - must fit observations and be testable
Theory Well-tested and widely accepted view that scientific community believes explains observable facts
Scientific Method Process by which researchers raise questions, gather data, and formulate and test scientific hypothesis.
Hydrosphere Global ocean and fresh water
Atmosphere Gaseous envelope
Geosphere Solid Earth
Biosphere All planet and animal life
System Group of interacting parts that form complex wholes
Big Bang Components of the solar system formed at the same time out of same material
Nebular Theory Solar system formed when solar nebula collapsed into spinning disc, collisions and interactions causes gases and particles to orbit in one plane.
Crust Think rocky outer skin, divided into the continental and oceanic crust.
Oceanic Crust 7km thick, 3.8km below sea level on avg., and made of basalt
Continental Crust 35km thick, 0.8km above sea level avg. when flat, and made mostly of granite
Mantle Approximately 2900 km thick and made of peridotite
Core Composed of iron nickel alloy
Lithosphere (Rock sphere) The rigid outer later that consists of crust and upper mantle.
Asthenosphere (Weak sphere). Soft, weak. layer below lithosphere.
Transition zone Marked by a sharp increse in density below asthenosphere
Lower Mantle Strong, very hot rocks subjected to gradual flow below transition
Outer Core Liquid outer layer of core
Inner Core Solid inner layer of core
Rock Cycle Helps understand origins of rocks and connection to other Earth processes
Igneous Rocks Cooling and solidification of molten rock
Sedimentary Rocks Sediments derive from weathering from preexisting rocks which undergo lithification and compacted and/or cemented together -Accumulate in layers at Earth's surface
Metamorphic Rocks Formed by "changing" preexisting rocks (of any type) -driving forces are heat and pressure
Continental Margins Portion of seafloor adjacent to major landmasses
Continental Shel Gently sloping region of continental crust extending from shore
Continental Slope Relatively steep drop that extends from continental shelf to deep ocean floor
Continental Rise Thick wedge of sediment that moved downward from shelf and slope to accumulate on the sea-floor
Deep ocean basins Portions of seafloor between continental margins and oceanic ridges
Abyssal Plain Flat feature of the deep ocean basin
Deep Ocean Ridges Deep and relatively narrow depressions that create a small portion of the ocean floor
Seamounts Small volcanic structures that dot ocean floors
Ocean Ridges Most prominent feature on ocean floor and is composed of igneous rock that has been fractured and uplifted
Mountain Belts Most prominent features of continents
Cratons Stable interiors of continents
Shields Expansive, flat regions of deformed crystalline rocks within cratons
Stable platforms Flat portions of cratons covered with a thin veneer of sedimentary rocks
Created by: user-1968395
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