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Public Health Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Branches of Government | Legislative – passes statutes Executive – public health agencies carry out the law; may issue regulations consistent with statutes Judicial – laws and regulations can be challenged in court |
| Federal vs. State | U.S. Constitution: To promote the general welfare of American citizens |
| Local Public Health Agencies: | County and city health departments Core public health functions Responsible for providing medical care for the poor City or county legislatures may not understand importance of core functions. Mandates may be funded from state or federal governments. |
| State Health Departments: | Coordinate activities of local health agencies and provide funding Collect and analyze data Laboratory services Manage Medicaid License and certify medical personnel, facilities, and services |
| U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) | Federal agency responsible for protecting and promoting the health and well-being of all Americans by providing essential human services and funding vital health and medical research through its various agencies |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | Nation's leading science-based, data-driven, service organization that protects the public's health |
| National Institutes of Health (NIH) | The primary federal agency for biomedical and public health research in the United States, serving as the largest public funder of medical research globally. |
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | a U.S. federal agency that protects public health by ensuring the safety and effectiveness of various products, including human and veterinary drugs, vaccines, medical devices, foods, cosmetics, and tobacco products. |
| Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) | a U.S. federal agency providing health coverage, or a Content Management System, which is a software application that enables users to create, manage, and publish digital content, often for websites. |
| Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) | Agency that focuses on producing evidence to make healthcare safer, higher quality, and more accessible. The lead federal agency for patient safety research, developing tools, guidelines, and data resources . |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | The agency works on various environmental concerns, including air and water quality, management of contaminated sites, climate change, and the safety of chemicals in the marketplace. |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) | a U.S. Department of Labor agency that sets and enforces standards and provides training to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for employees across the country |
| Department of Agriculture (USDA) | a United States federal government department responsible for overseeing issues related to farming, food, forestry, nutrition, and natural resources |
| National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) | Agency that works to reduce traffic-related deaths, injuries, and economic losses by setting and enforcing vehicle safety standards and promotes highway safety and driver education. |
| Volunteer groups: | American Cancer Society American Heart Association American Diabetes Association Alzheimer’s Disease |
| Professional organizations: | American Medical Association American Nurses Association American Public Health Association |
| Philanthropic Foundations | Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Kaiser Family Foundation Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation |
| Social justice | Aims to eliminate statistics like this so that community health is equitable across all populations |
| Market Justice: | Focuses on the individual rather than the collective population when determining who is responsible for health. |
| Economic Impact | Businesses often resist public health measures because they affect profits Those who must pay may not be the ones who benefit Costs may be short-term, while benefits may be long-term Costs are easier to calculate than benefits |
| When Can Government Restrict Individual Freedom? | To prevent harm to others Paternalism To protect individuals from their own actions For the “common good” |
| Moral and Religious Concerns | Reproduction and evolution education Alcohol and drugs (age limits and legalization) Physician Assisted suicide and DNR orders |
| What is Upstream? | Addressing the root causes of poor health and health inequities by focusing on macro-level factors like public policies, social and economic conditions, and the physical environment, rather than treating individual illnesses or symptoms |
| Core Functions of Public Health | Assessment Policy development Assurance |
| Assessment | Monitor Health, Diagnose and investigate |
| Policy Development | Inform, educate, and empower Mobilize community partnerships Develop policies and plans |
| Assurance | Enforce laws and regulations Link people Assure a competent workforce Evaluate |
| 6 Public Health Disciplines | Epidemiology Statistics Biomedical Sciences Environmental Health Science Social and Behavioral Sciences Health Policy and Management |
| Primary Prevention | prevents illness or injury from occurring at all |
| Secondary prevention | seeks to minimize severity of illness or injury once it has occurred |
| Tertiary prevention | seeks to minimize disability by providing medical care/rehabilitation after illness or injury |
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