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Ch. 1 Psy of Learnin
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of learning? | a process of behavioral change that results from experience |
| Examples of learning | -flinching when you see lighting -avoiding hot stoves after you burned your hand |
| What is the problem with the definition of learning? | does not fit every situation |
| Learning is | observational |
| Nature is | instinct |
| Nurture is | learning |
| Simple learning processes underlie more complex behaviors | e.g., drug overdose |
| Historical role in psychology | learning was the core of psychology |
| Acquisition | -phase, or the period in which the animal is acquiring a new skill -process of learning |
| Performance | final product |
| Behaviorism | a psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they are learned through interaction with the environment, emphasizing conditioning as the primary mechanism of learning |
| Cognitivism | focuses on understanding mental processes such perception, thinking, memory, and problem solving |
| Independent variables (IV) | -cause -on x-axis |
| Dependent variable (DV) | -effect -on y-axis |
| Intervening variables | -theoretical concepts that help us understand the relationship between the IV and DV -low blood sugar = hunger -hunger = eat more |
| Hypothesis | a specific prediction about how the IV will affect the DV |
| Theory | a coherent set of propositions used to explain phenomena |
| Deduction | developing specific hypothesis from general rules |
| Examples of deduction | -All bachelors are unmarried men. John is an unmarried man. Therefore, John is a bachelor -To get your driver’s license, you have to be at least 16 years old. Jack is not yet 16 years old. Therefore, Jack cannot get his driver’s license. |
| Induction | developing general rules from basic data |
| Examples of induction | -Using past observations and knowledge to make predictions about novel cases -Inferring that everybody at a party was wearing blue shirts because you observed that all party attendees were wearing blue shirts |
| Operational definition | an objective description (or measurement) of a variable |
| Example of operational definitions | "Hunger occurs when 12 hours have passed with no food intake." |
| The experimenter manipulates (controls) the | IV in the control and experimental groups |
| Extraneous variable | variables (other than the IV) that the experimenter is not interested |
| Confounding variables | extraneous variables that are different levels for the control and experimental group |
| All extraneous variables are | NOT confounding variables |
| How to judge scientific theories | 1) Agreement with Data 2) Testability 3) Parsimony 4) Generality 5) Heuristic value (fruitfulness) |
| Parsimony | refers to the principle of preferring simpler explanations for complex phenomena |
| Generality | refers to the idea that certain principles or findings can apply across various situations, populations, or contexts. |
| Heuristic value | new findings |
| Why have learning theorists traditionally used animal subjects?: Advantages | -No expectancy effects -Convenience - Greater control of confounding variables - Comparative simplicity - Ethical reasons |
| Why have learning theorists traditionally used animal subjects?: Disadvantages | -Difficult to study complex cognition with animals (e.g., language, mathematical reasoning, etc.) -Some say that animal results are not generalizable to humans - Ethical reasons |
| Ethics: Human Research | IRB or Institutional Review Board |
| Ethics: Animal Research | -ACUC or Animal Care and Use Committee (only vertebrates) -Animal Welfare -Animal Rights -PETA or People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals -ALF or Animal Liberation Front |
| Animal rights | refers to the belief that animals should have the same rights as humans. |
| Animal welfare | is focused on the well-being of an animal, and what the animal experiences throughout the course of its life. |
Created by:
JazzyJ77
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