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CHH7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| A-B design | A two-phase experimental design consisting of a pretreatment baseline condition (A) followed by a treatment condition (B). |
| Affirmation of the consequent | A three-step form of reasoning that begins with a true antecedent–consequent (if-A-then-B) statement and proceeds as follows: (1) If A is true, then B is true; (2) B is found to be true; (3) therefore, A is true. |
| Ascending baseline | A data path that shows an increasing trend in the response measure over time. |
| Baseline | A condition of an experiment in which the independent variable is not present; data obtained during baseline are the basis for determining the effects of the independent variable |
| Baseline logic | A term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single-subject experimental designs; entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication. |
| Confounding variable | An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable. |
| Dependent variable | The measured behavior in an experiment to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behavior analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behavior. |
| Descending baseline | A data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time. |
| Experimental control | Two meanings: (a) the outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a functional relation; and (b) the extent to which a researcher maintains precise control of the independent variable |
| Experimental design | The particular type and sequence of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the presence and absence (or different values) of the independent variable can be made. |
| External validity | The degree to which a study’s findings have generality to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors. |
| Extraneous variable | Any aspect of the experimental setting (e.g., lighting, temperature) that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation. |
| Independent variable | The variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in the independent variable produce reliable changes in the dependent variable. |
| Internal validity | The extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables. |
| Parametric analysis | An experiment designed to discover the differential effects of a range of values of an independent variable. |
| Practice effects | Improvements in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be obtained. |
| Prediction | A statement of the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement; one of three components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic, used in single-subject research designs. |
| Research question | A statement of what the researcher seeks to learn by conducting the experiment; may be presented in question form and is most often found in a published account as a statement of the experiment’s purpose. |
| Replication | (a) Repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity. (b) Repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to others. |
| Single-case designs | A wide variety of research designs that use a form of experimental reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of the independent variable on the behavior of individual subjects. |
| Stable baseline | Data that show no evidence of an upward or downward trend; all of the measures fall within a relatively small range of values. |
| Steady state responding | A pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time. |
| Steady state strategy | Repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influences on the behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition. |
| Variable baseline | Data points that do not consistently fall within a narrow range of values and do not suggest any clear trend. |
| Verification | One of three components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic. Verifying the accuracy of the original prediction reduces the probability that some uncontrolled (confounding) variable was responsible for the observed change in behavior. |
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