Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CH. 1-3 exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| psychology | the systematic study of behavior and experience |
| determinism | the idea that everything that happens has a cause that one could better observe or measure |
| free will | the belief that behavior is caused by a person's independent decisions |
| mind-brain problem | the philosophical question of how experience relates to the brain |
| dualism | the mind is separate from the brain, but somehow controls the brain and the rest of the body |
| monism | the view that conscious experience is inseparable from the physical brain |
| nature-nurture issue | the question, "how do differences in behavior relate to differences in hereditary and environment?" |
| clinical psychologist | has an advanced degree in psychology, with a specialty in understanding and helping people with psychological problems |
| psychiatry | branch of medicine that deals with emotional disturbances; requires a MD degree and four years of residency |
| psychoanalysts | therapy providers who rely heavily on the theories and methods pioneered by the early 20th-century Viennese physician, Sigmund Freud |
| clinical social worker | similar to a clinical psychologist, but has different training; usually has a master's degree in social work, specialized in psychological problems (less expensive) |
| counseling psychologist | help people with educational, vocational, marriage, health-related, and other decisions; has a doctorate degree and supervised experience |
| forensic psychologist | provide advice and consultation to police, lawyers, and courts |
| industrial/organizational psychology | psychological study of people at work |
| human factor specialist (ergonomist) | attempt to facilitate the operation of machinery so that ordinary people can use it efficiently and safely |
| school psychologist | specialist in psychological conditions of students |
| developmental psychologist | studies how behavior changes with age |
| learning and motivation | studies how behavior depends on the outcomes of past behaviors and current motivations |
| cognitive psychologist | studies thought and knowledge processes |
| biopsychologist | explains behaviors in terms of biological factors, such as: effects of drugs and hormone, genetics, evolutionary pressures, and activity in the nervous system |
| evolutionary psychologist | tries to explain behavior in terms of the evolutionary history of the species, including reasons evolution might have favored a tendency to act in particular ways |
| social psychologist | studies how an individual influences other people and how the group influences an individual |
| cross-cultural psychology | compares the behavior of people from different cultures |
| Wilhelm Wundt | set up the first psychology lab in Germany |
| structuralism | an attempt the describe the structure that composes the mind |
| functionalism | learn how people produce useful behaviors |
| psychophysical function | a mathematical description of the relationship between the physical properties of the stimulus and its perceived properties |
| comparative psychologist | specialist who compare different animal species |
| Frances Galton | among the first to measure intelligence and to ask whether intellectual variations were based on heredity (unsatisfactory) |
| Alfred Binet | devised the first useful intelligence test |
| theory | an explanation or model that fits many observations and makes valid predictions |
| behaviorism | field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes |
| basic research | seeks theoretical knowledge for its own sake, such as understanding the processes of learning and memory |
| applied research | deals with practical problems (children and learning disabilities) |
| positive psychology | studies the predispositions and experiences that made people happy, productive, and successful |
| falsifiable | stated in such clear, precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it |
| burden of proof | the obligation to present evidence to support one's claim |
| meta-analysis | combines the results of many studies and analyzes them as though they were all one very large study |
| principle of parsimony | when given a choice among explanations that seem to fit the facts, we prefer the one whose assumptions are fewer, simpler, or more consistent with other well-established theories |
| extrasensory perception | at least some people, some of the time, can acquire information without using any sense organ and without receiving any form of physical energy |
| operational definitions | specifies the operations used to produce or measure something, ordinarily a way to give it a numerical value |
| experimenter bias | the tendency of an experimenter (usually unintentional) to distort or misperceive the results of an experiment based on the expected outcome |
| blind observer | observer who records data without knowing the researcher's predictions |
| placebo | a pill with no known pharmacological effects |
| single-blind study | either the observer or participant is unaware of which participants received which treatment |
| double-blind study | both the observer and the participants are unaware |
| demand characteristics | cues that tell participants what is expected of them and what the experimenter hopes to find |
| naturalistic observation | careful examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions |
| case history | a thorough description of the person including abilities and disabilities, medical condition, life history, unusual experiences, and whatever else seems relevant |
| survey | study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors, based on people's responses to questions |
| correlation | measure of the relationship between two variables |
| correlation study | a procedure in which investigators measure the correlation between two variable without controlling either of them |
| correlation coefficient | mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables |
| scatter plots | each dot represents a given individual, with one measurement for that individual on the x-axis and another measurement on the y-axis |
| illusory correlation | an apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated events |
| normal distribution | symmetrical frequency of scores clustered around the mean |
| standard deviation | measurement of the amount of variation among scores in a normal distribution |
| inferential statistics | statements about a large population based from a small sample |
| confidence interval | the range within which the true population mean lies, with 95% certainty |
| psychoactive drugs | enhance certain experiences, weaken others, and garble thinking and speech by their effects on synapses |
| anxiolytics drugs | otherwise known as tranquilizers that help people relax |
| opiates | natural drugs derived from the opium poppy or synthetic drugs with a chemical structure resembling natural opiates |
| endorphins | bind to the opiate receptors |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | bundles of nerves between the spinal cord and the rest of the body |
| somatic | connects the skin and muscles |
| autonomic | connects the heart, stomach, and others |
| amygdala | a subcortical structure deep within the temporal lobe, responds strongly to emotional situations |
| primary somatosensory cortex | strip in anterior portion of the parietal lobe, has cells sensitive to touch in different areas |
| primary motor cortex | important for the planned control of fine movements |
| prefrontal cortex | anterior sections of frontal lobe |
| mirror neurons | active when you make a movement and also when you watch someone else make a similar movement |
| hypothalamus | located below the thalamus, important for hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, and motivated behaviors |
| medulla | controls the muscles of the head |
| spinal cord | controls the muscles from the neck down |
| cerebellum | important for any behavior that requires aim or timing |
| electroencephalograph | uses electrodes on the scalp to record rapid changes in brain electrical activity |
| magnetoencephalograph | records magnetic change |
| position-emission tomography | records radioactivity of various brain areas emitted from injected chemicals |
| functional magnetic resonance imaging | uses magnetic detectors outside the head to compare the amounts of hemo-globin with and without oxygen in different brain areas |
| autonomic nervous system | controls the internal organs like the heart |
| hormones | chemicals released by glands and conveyed via the blood to alter activity in various organs |
| plasticity | change resulting from experience |
| stem cells | undifferentiated cells |
| epilepsy | condition in which cells somewhere in the brain emit abnormal rhythmic, spontaneous impulses |
| binding problem | question of how separate brain areas combine forces to produce a unified perception of a single object |
Created by:
n00675590
Popular Psychology sets