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Mid-Term Review (NT)
RAD 100 Mid-Term Review
| Central Ray Angluation | The angle at which the x-ray beam is drected and is relative to the image receptor and the body part being imaged. |
| What does angling the Central Ray 25 degrees cephalic mean? | Adjusting and pointing the central ray 25 degrees towards the head |
| Caudal | Towards the feet |
| Cephalic | Towards the head |
| Proximal | Closer to main attachment. Example: Elbow is proximal to the wrist. |
| Distal | Farther from main attachment. Example: Wrist is distal to the elbow. |
| Medial | Closer to midline. Example: The nose is medial to the eyes. |
| Lateral | Farther from midline. Example: The ears are lateral to the nose. |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | Toward the back of the body |
| Anterior (Ventral) | Toward the front of the body |
| Superior | Above |
| Inferior | Below |
| Supine | Lying face up |
| Prone | Lying face down |
| Tredelenburg | Supine, head down 15 degrees |
| Reverse Tredelenburg | Supine, head up 15 degrees |
| Palmar/Volar | Palm of the hand |
| Dorsal | Back of the hand |
| What is part of the axial skeleton? | Central axis of the body including: the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
| What is part of the appendicular skeleton? | Consists of the limbs such as the arms and legs, shoulder girdles, and pelvic girdles. |
| What does recumbent mean? | Lying down, general |
| What is the coronal/frontal plane? | Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| What is the sagittal plane? | Divides the body into right and left halves. |
| What is the transverse plane? | Divides the body into superior and inferior parts. |
| Define and give an example for Positioning Landmarks | Positioning Landmarks: proper alignment of the body/body part being imaged and the x-ray beam through the x-ray tube. An example: aligning the x-ray tube to the patient's 3rd MCP joint when taking a PA Hand x-ray. |
| What are the routine positions for fingers other than the thumb? | PA, Oblique, and Lateral |
| What are the routine positions for the thumb? | AP, Oblique, and Lateral |
| What are the routine positions for the hand? | PA, Oblique, and Lateral |
| What are the routine positions for the wrist? | PA, Oblique, and Lateral |
| What are the routine positions for the forearm? | AP and Lateral |
| What are the routine positions for the elbow? | AP, External Oblique, Medial Oblique, and Lateral |
| What are the routine positions for the humerus? | AP and Lateral |
| What are the routine positions for the shoulder? | AP and Lateral such as Y views |
| What are the routine positions for the clavicle? | AP and AP Axial |
| What are the routine positions for the AC joint? | AP views with and without weights |
| What are the routine positions for the scapula? | AP and Lateral such as Y views |
| What should you do to your kVp if a patient has a fiberglass cast on? | Increase kVp by about 3-5. Since the fiberglass cast is considered a foreign object, it will take a little more radiation to penetrate through and reach the body part to ensure a diagnostic image. |
| What is the purpose of Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)? | The AEC ensures no over-dose of radiation to our patients as it automatically adjusts and monitors the radiation exposure using sensors. It will terminate the exposure when a threshold/sufficient amount of radiation is reached on the image receptor. |
| When and why are grids used? | Grids are used when the body part is greater than 10cm in thickness. An example includes the projection of the shoulder. Grids act as a filter, absorbing most of the scattered radiation to improve the image quality. |
| Define x-ray tube | Vacuum tube that converts electrical input power into x-rays. Produces x-rays |
| Define image receptor | Collects the x-ray |
| Define x-ray generator | Goes from cathode to anode |
| What are the components on the control system/console? | Includes the power button, kVp, mAs, timer, roter-exposure switch, and study selection |
| What is the collimation assembly? | It controls the size and shape of the x-ray field coming out of the x-ray tube. It contains lead slides and illuminates the body parts that are being imaged. |
| What are the different X-Ray Tube Support Systems? | It includes: floor to ceiling support or mobile. This includes mobility and stability when imaging patients. The wall bucky has the AEC on it, which ensures no over-dose of radiation to our patients. |
| What are the pros and cons for stationary x-ray system? | Pros: they are usually in hospitals and clinics and are used routinely for imaging patients. Cons: not much mobility and patients will need to come to us to take the x-ray instead of the other way around. |
| What are the pros and cons for floating table top x-ray system? | Pros: being able to tilt the x-ray table and used in fluoroscopy as well. Cons: cost, might not be as stable as the stationary x-ray system, and it takes up space as well. |
| Supination | Moving palm facing up |
| Pronation | Moving palm facing down |
| Flexion | Decreases angle |
| Extension | Increases angle |
| Plantar flex | Pointing toes, bending foot toward floor |
| Dorsiflex | Bending foot toward anterior leg |
| Inversion | Sole towards midline |
| Eversion | Sole away from midline |
| Abduction | Moving limb away from mid-line |
| Adduction | Moving limb towards mid-line |
| Circumduction | Moving in a circular motion |
| Radial Deviation | Tilt hand and wrist towards thumb and radius |
| Ulnar Deviation | Tilt hand and wrist away from thumb and towards the ulna |
| Why is proper image orientation important? | To minimize image distortion, and ensuring body parts are properly in the image, creating a diagnostic image |
| How to properly center the central ray for imaging the hand | For PA and Oblique Hand views, the CR is perpendicular to the IR and to the 3rd MCP joint. For the Lateral view, the CR is perpendicular to the IR and to the 2nd MCP joint. |
| How to properly center the central ray for imaging the wrist | For PA, Oblique, and Lateral views, the CR is perpendicular to the IR and directed to the midcarpal area |
Created by:
naomi_taylorrr
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