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CHH 22 & 23

TermDefinition
clicker training A term popularized by Pryor using conditioned reinforcement in the form of an auditory stimulus with a device produces a click sound. The trainer pairs other forms of reinforcement with the click sound so that the sound becomes a conditioned reinforcer.
differential reinforcement Reinforcing only those responses within a response class that meet a specific criterion along some dimension(s) (i.e., frequency, topography, duration, latency, or magnitude) and placing all other responses in the class on extinction.
extinction-induced variability Phenomenon in which diverse and novel forms of behavior are sometimes observed during the extinction process.
response differentiation A behavior change produced by differential reinforcement: Reinforced members of the current response class occur with greater frequency, and unreinforced members occur less frequently; the overall result is the emergence of a new response class.
shaping Using differential reinforcement to produce a series of gradually changing response classes; each response class is a successive approximation toward a terminal behavior.
successive approximations The sequence of new response classes that emerge during the shaping process as the result of differential reinforcement; each successive response class is closer in form to the terminal behavior than the response class it replaces.
backward chaining A trainer performs all but the final step of a behavior chain. The learner completes the last step and gets reinforcement. As the learner masters steps, the trainer performs fewer steps gradually until the learner completes the entire chain independently
backward chaining with leap aheads A backward chaining procedure in which some steps in the task analysis are skipped; used to increase the efficiency of teaching long behavior chains when there is evidence that the skipped steps are in the learner’s repertoire.
behavior chain A sequence where each response creates a conditioned reinforcer for itself and a discriminative stimulus for the next response. Reinforcement for the final response maintains the reinforcing effect of all prior stimulus changes in the chain.
behavior chain interruption strategy An intervention that relies on the participant’s skill to initially perform all the critical elements of a chain independently. The chain is then interrupted, or a link in the chain is made unavailable so that another behavior can be prompted or emitted.
behavior chain with a limited hold A contingency that specifies a time interval by which a behavior chain must be completed for reinforcement to be delivered.
chaining Various methods for linking specific sequences of stimuli and responses to form new performances.
forward chaining A method for teaching behavior chains that begins by teaching the learner the first step. The trainer does the rest. Once competent, the learner is taught the first two steps, and so on, until they complete the entire chain independently.
interrupted chain procedure A procedural variation of the behavior chain interruption strategy, entails arranging the environment such that the learner is unable to continue the chain at a predetermined point until responding to a prompt (e.g., “What do you want?”).
task analysis The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process.
total-task chaining A variation of forward chaining in which the learner receives training on each behavior in the chain during each session.
unchaining Occurs when, in the case of a two-step chain, the second behavior in the chain (R2) produces reinforcement in the presence of the prior SD (S2), but (R2) also produces reinforcement when that SD is not present. Unchaining may weaken a chain.
Created by: pwlc
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