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Rad Protection Ch.8
Early TissueReactions & Effests on Organ System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Somatic and Genetic Damage Factors | - The quantity of ionizing radiation to which the subject is exposed. - The ability of the ionizing radiation to cause ionization of human tissue. - The amount of body area exposed. - The specific body parts exposed. |
| Somatic Effects | Biological damage or effects upon the body that was irradiated. |
| Genetic Effects | Biological effects of ionizing radiation on generations yet unborn due to irradiation of germ cells in previous generations. |
| Early Tissue Reactions | - Vary depending on the duration of time after exposure to ionizing radiation. - May appear with minutes, hours, days or weeks after exposure. |
| Nonstochastic (Deterministic) Effects | Nausea, fatigue, erythema etc. |
| Non-Stochstic | Appear within minutes, hours, days or weeks of the time of radiation exposure. The severity is dose related. Little concern in diagnostic imaging. Usually takes high doses of radiation over a short period of time. |
| Stocahastic | Late effects of ionizing radiation that randomly occurring biologic somatic changes, independent of dose. In the diagnostic range. |
| Acute Radiation Syndrome | Occurs in humans after whole-body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation delivered over a short period of time. |
| Which type of radiation response will show up first, early or late effects? | Early. |
| Syndrome | Collection of symptoms. |
| Acute Radiation Syndrome: | Collection of symptoms associated with high level radiation exposure. |
| 3 Syndromes associated with ARS | 1. Hematopoietic syndrome. 2. Gastrointestinal syndrome. 3. Cerebrovascular syndrome. |
| Within each Syndrome ARS Presents in 4 MAJOR REPONSE STAGES: | 1. Prodromal. 2. Latent. 3. Manifest illness. 4. Recovery.. |
| Prodromal | - Occurs within hours of whole body absorbed dose exposure of 1 Gy or more. - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue and leukopneia are characteristics. - Last from a few hours to a few days. |
| Leukopneia | Decrease in white blood corpuscles. |
| Latent Period | - Last about 1 week. - The cells either recover or they die. - No visible symptoms occur during this phase. |
| Manifest Illness | - At the end of the latent period. - When symptoms of different syndromes become visible. |
| Recovery or Death | - Cells either recover from radiation damage or they die. - Late effects may appear if the cell recovers. |
| Hematopoietic Syndrome | - Occurs when humans receive whole-body doses ranging from 1 to 10 Gy (100 to 1000rad). - Reduction of blood cells in circulation results in a loss of the body's ability to clot blood and fight infection. - (AKA ) bone marrow syndrome. |
| Gastrointestinal Syndrome | - Appears at a threshold of approximately 6 Gy (600rad) and peaks after a dose of 10Gy. - Without treatment, a dose of 6-10 Gy may cause death in 3 to 10 days. |
| Gastrointestinal Syndrome: | - With treatment you may die anyway. - The small intestine is the most affected part. Example: workers and firefighters of Chernobyl died. |
| Cerebrovascular Syndrome | - 50Gy or more. - Death within hours to several days. |
| LD 50/30 | Whole body dose lethal to 50% of the population within 30 days. |
| LD 10/30, LD 50/60, AND LD 100/60 | All measure the percentage of subjects who die after a certain number of days. |
| Whole body dose lethal _______ within 30 days. | 50%. |
| Whole body doses of more than ________ are fatal | 12 Gy. |
| What is the last step in the stages of Acute Radiation Syndrome? | Recovery or death. |
| Repair and Recovery | Cells contain a repair mechanism when exposed to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation. |
| _______ of radiation induced damage is non-reparable. | 10%. |
| ________ repairable over time, depending on dose. | 90%. |
| Atrophy | Shrinkage of organs and tissues. |
| Desquamation | Shedding of the outer layer of skin: - Dry. - Moist. |
| Radiodermatitis | Reddening of the skin. |
| Epilation or Alopecia | Hair loss. |
| Effects on the Reproductive System: | - Depression of sperm population in males. - Genetic mutations. - Temporary or permanent sterility in males and females. - Delay of menstruation in females. |
| Hematologic Effects | - Reduction in the number of blood cells in circulation is the most common and pronounced effect. - Depending on the cell function, various conditions may arise. |
| Lymphocytes | White blood cells which fight infection. |
| Anemia | A decrease in the # of red blood cells. |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues. |
| Thrombocytes | Blood cells that initiate blood clotting and prevent hemorrhage. |
| Hematopoietic System | Bone marrow Circulating blood Lymphoid organs: - Lymph nodes. - Spleen. - Thymus gland. |
| Cytogenetic Effects | - The study of cell genetics with emphasis on cell chromosomes. - Uses a karyotype to map the chromosomes. |
| Karotype | A picture of the chromosome. |
| Studying the _____________ and effects of ionizing radiation may give us a clue to deletion of genetic birth defects or may give insight to new methods of radiation therapy for patients. | Chromosome. |
| What does a Karyotype tell us? | Metaphase is the phase of cellular division in which chromosome damage caused by radiation exposure may be evaluated. |
Created by:
sassyrad
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