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psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define homeostasis | Homeostasis is defined as 'to maintain a stable internal environment, regardless of changes to the external environment' |
| Describe the process in which how the essential factors in humans are kept in consistent check | The body keeps essential factors like temperature, water, & sugar levels stable through a process called homeostasis. It uses signals from the brain and hormones to make adjustments, like sweating to cool down, or releasing insulin to control blood sugar. |
| Identify the receptors that relate to each sense organ. | sight: Photoreceptors-detects light hearing: Mechanoreceptors-detect sound & balance smell: Chemoreceptors-detects chemicals in air taste: Chemoreceptors–detect chemicals in food touch:Thermoreceptors & pain receptors- detects temp,pressure,touch&pain |
| Define stimulus | A stimulus is a change in the environment that the body can detect and respond to. It can be something like light, sound, temperature, or touch. |
| Identify the parts of the stimulus response model | Stimulus-A change in the environment Receptor–Detects the stimulus(skin receptor Sensory neuron–Carries message to the brain or spinal cord. Motor neuron–Carries the message from brain or spinal cord to the muscles Effector–Part of body that responds |
| Example of stimulus response model | Stimulus-hand touches a hot stove Receptor-heat receptors detect the hot temperature Sensory neuron-Sends message to your spinal cord Motor neuron–Sends message from the spinal cord to your arm muscles Effector-muscles contract and pull your hand away |
| Explain the feedback loop that helps maintain blood glucose levels in the body | The body keeps blood glucose levels stable using insulin and glucagon. If sugar is too high, insulin lowers it; if it's too low, glucagon raises it |
| Describe how a feedback loop helps keep body temperature stable | The body controls temperature using sweating and shivering. If you're too hot, you sweat to cool down; if you're too cold, you shiver to warm up |
| What do feedback loops do | Feedback loops maintain homeostasis. Positive feedback enhances a response to match the stimulus (e.g. increasing heart rate during exercise). Negative feedback reverses the change to return to normal (e.g. decreasing body temperature after overheating). |
| Identify all sections of the nervous system and their particular functions | The nervous system includes, the central nervous system CNS which controls and processes all the information in the body through the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system PNS which carries messages though the body. |
| Identify all sections of the nervous system and their particular functions - CONTINUED | The PNS includes the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary movement through sensory neurons and motor neurons. And the autonomic nervous system, which controls automatic functions, e.g heartbeat, through sympathetic and parasympathetic division. |
| What do sensory & motor neurons do | Sensory neurons carry messages from the 5 senses to the brain and motor neurons carry messages from the brain to muscles |
| What is sympathetic and parasympathetic division | Sympathetic division readies the body for action e.g. faster heart rate, sweating. Parasympathetic division calms the body and restores normal functions |
| Which nervous system is responsible for when you are thinking, solving problems, making decisions and automatically responding without thinking | The central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for thinking, solving problems, and making decisions. |
| Compare and contrast the three types of neurons; sensory, inter and motor neurons | Sensory neurons carry messages from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord. Interneurons pass messages between neurons, and motor neurons carry instructions from the brain and spinal cord to muscles to make the body move. |
| What is a reflex | A reflex is a quick, automatic response to a stimulus that happens without thinking. It helps protect the body from danger |
| Give an example of a reflex action using the stimulus-response model | If you touch something hot (stimulus), your skin receptors detect it, send a message to the spinal cord, which sends a signal to your muscles (effector) to pull your hand away (response). |
| What is a conscious response | A conscious response is a reaction that you think about and choose to do. It involves the brain making a decision before the body responds. |
| Give an example of a conscious action using the stimulus-response model | If you hear your name called (stimulus), your ears detect the sound, send a message to your brain (receptor to CNS), and your brain decides to turn your head (response). |
| Identify the glands in the endocrine system and the hormones they produce | Pituitary gland- growth hormone Hypothalamus-Releasing hormones-Controls the pituitary gland Pineal gland-Melatonin Thyroid gland-Thyroxine, for metabolism Parathyroid glands-Parathyroid hormone, controls calcium |
| Identify the glands in the endocrine system and the hormones they produce- CONTINUED | Thymus-Thymosin, helps develop immune system Pancreas-Insulin and glucagon Adrenal glands-Adrenaline Ovaries-Estrogen Testicle-Testosterone |
| Describe what is a hormone and target cell | A hormone is a chemical messenger made by glands that travels through the blood to control body functions. A target cell is a cell that has special receptors to receive the hormone and respond to its message. |
| Describe the ‘fight or flight’ response | The 'fight or flight' response is the body's quick reaction to danger, where adrenaline prepares you to either face the threat or run away. |
| What are the disorders related to blood sugar levels and their symptoms | Type 1 diabetes is when the pancreas makes little or no insulin; Type 2 is when the body doesn’t respond to insulin properly. Both can lead to symptoms like thirst, tiredness, frequent urination, and serious problems like blindness. |
| What are the disorders related to body temperature and their symptoms | Hypothermia (too cold) can cause shivering, confusion, slurred speech, and slow breathing. Hyperthermia (too hot) can cause dizziness, headache, nausea, sweating, and fainting, and both can become life-threatening if not treated |
| What is the difference between a person with diabetes and a normal person | A person with diabetes can’t control their blood sugar properly because they either don’t make insulin(Type 1) or their body doesn’t respond to it well(Type 2). A healthy person produces and uses insulin correctly, keeping blood sugar balanced and stable. |
| What is the function of a hormone in the human body | The function of a hormone in the human body is to act as a chemical messenger that travels through the blood to control and regulate body processes like growth, metabolism, mood, and reproduction. |
| Why is homeostasis important for survival | Homeostasis is important for survival because it keeps the body’s internal conditions stable and balanced, so cells can work properly. Without it, the body could become too hot, cold, or unbalanced to survive. |
| List 2 factors regulated in the body to maintain homeostasis | Blood glucose levels and body temperature |
| Explain how insulin and glucagon help maintain normal blood glucose levels and how this is an example of negative feedback. | When blood glucose is high, insulin helps lower it by storing sugar in the liver. When it’s low, glucagon raises it by releasing sugar. This is negative feedback because the body fixes the change to keep blood sugar levels normal. |
Created by:
A-c-h
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