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SCI221 Assignment 1
SCI 221 Assignment 1
| Homeostasis | refers to stability, balance, or equilibrium within a cell or the body. It is an organism’s ability to keep a constant internal environment. |
| BASIC COMPONENTS OF feedback control loops | 1. Sensor mechanism 2. Integrator or control center 3. Effector mechanism 4. Feedback |
| biomolecules | carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Disaccharides (double sugars) Polysaccharides (complex sugars), lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Prostaglandins , proteins Functional proteins Structural proteins, Nucleic acids and related molecul |
| diffusion | refers to a natural phenomenon caused by the tendency of small particles to spread out evenly within any given space |
| Osmosis | is the movement of water through a semipermeable mem-brane. |
| osmotic pressure | the pressure that prevents the movement of water by osmosis from pure water into the solution |
| hypotonic solution | the cell swells because of the movement of water into the cell by osmosis |
| isotonic solution | maintains the same volume be-cause there is no net movement of water into or out of the cell by osmosis |
| hypertonic solution | loses water by osmosis and shrivels |
| facilitated diffusion | the diffusion is facilitated, or helped, by the transporters |
| active calcium pumps | in the membranes of muscle cells allow the cell to force nearly all the intracellular calcium ions (Ca⫹⫹) into special compartments—or out of the cell entirely |
| sodium-potassium pump | actively transports sodium ions (Na⫹) and potassium ions (K⫹)—but in opposite directions. |
| endocytosis | the plasma membrane “traps” some extracellular material and brings it into the cell |
| phagocytosis | microorganisms or other large particles are en-gulfed by the plasma membrane and enter the cell in vesicles that have pinched off from the membrane |
| Pinocytosis | “condition of the cell drinking,” is a similar pro-cess in which fluid and the substances dissolved in it enter a cell |
| exocytosis | is the process by which large molecules, notably proteins, can leave the cell even though they are too large to move out through the plasma membrane |
| transcription | copies or “transcribes” a portion of the DNA code |
| translation | interpret or “translate” the genetic code and form a specific sequence of amino acids |
| cycle of cell | Mitosis or meiosis, Cytokinesis |
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