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CHH Ch11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| automatic reinforcement | Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (e.g., scratching an insect bite relieves the itch). |
| conditioned reinforcer | A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers. (Sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer.) |
| generalized conditioned reinforcer | A conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness. |
| positive reinforcement | A response followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often. |
| positive reinforcer | A stimulus whose presentation or onset functions as reinforcement. |
| Premack principle | A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior. Sometimes called “Grandma’s Law.” |
| reinforcer assessment | |
| response-deprivation hypothesis | Predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behavior based on whether access to the contingent behavior represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement. |
| rule-governed behavior | Behavior controlled by a rule; enables human behavior to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable, but potentially significant consequences. |
| socially mediated contingencies | A contingency in which an antecedent stimulus and/or the consequence for the behavior is presented by another person. |
| stimulus preference assessment | A variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference values (high versus low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference values remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers. |
| unconditioned reinforcer | A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus. Unconditioned reinforcers are the product of the evolutionary development of the species. |
| avoidance contingency | A contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus. |
| conditioned negative reinforcer | A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers. |
| discriminated avoidance | A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer. |
| escape contingency | A contingency in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus. |
| free-operant avoidance | A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus. |
| negative reinforcement | A contingency in which the occurrence of a response is followed immediately by the termination, reduction, postponement, or avoidance of a stimulus, and which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of similar responses. |
| unconditioned negative reinforcer | A stimulus that functions as a negative reinforcer as a result of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny); no prior learning is involved (e.g., shock, loud noise, intense light, extreme temperatures, strong pressure against the body). |
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