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Rad Protection Ch.6
Overview of Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Process of Meiosis | Special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell. |
| What is the first part of mitotic cell division? | Interphase. |
| Telophase | - The nuclear membrane reforms. - 2 nuclei for each daughter cell appear. - The cytoplasm divides for each daughter cell (cytokinesis). - Cell division is complete. |
| Anaphase | Centromers migrate in opposite directions and the cell is ready to divide. |
| Metaphase | - Each chromosome lines up in the center of the cell and forms the equatorial plate. - The centromers duplicate. - Cells are very radiosensitive during this phase. |
| Prophase | - The chromosomes and nucleus enlarges. - Centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell. |
| Interphase | - The period of growth that occurs before actual mitosis. - The cell nucleus looks "odd". - The chromosomes reproduces and splits. |
| 3 PHASES OF INTERPHASE: | 1. G1. 2. S. 3. G2. |
| G1 | The earliest phase and is the gap in the growth of the cell that occurs between mitosis and DNA synthesis. |
| G2 | Last phase of interphase when proteins and RNA molecules are created to enter the next phase of mitosis. |
| S | when DNA synthesis takes place. |
| 4 phases of Mitosis | - Interphase (Pre mitosis phase) - Prophase. - Metaphase. - Anaphase. - Telophase. |
| Mitosis | A parent cell produces two identical cells (somatic cell division). |
| Meosis | Cell division where the chromosomes are reduced to half (genetic cell division). |
| Cell Division | The multiplication process whereby one cell divides to form two or more cells. |
| What is the "power generating station" of the cell? | Mitochondria. |
| Nucleus | - The heart of the living cell (information processing and administrative center). - Contains the genetic material, DNA and protein. - Plays a role in metabolism, growth and heredity. |
| Centrosomes | - In the center of the cell nucleus. - "Weavers of the spindle". - Contain the centrioles. |
| Ribosomes | - Contained within the endoplasmic reticulum. - Called the "protein manufacturing facilities". - Manufacture proteins. |
| Lysosomes | - Small spherical bodies. - Aids in digestion. - Sometimes referred to as " garbage bags" with "poison pills" or "suicide bags". - Breaks down unwanted waste products. |
| Mitochondria | - The "power generating station" of the cell. - Breaks down nutrients and aids in metabolism. - Oval or bean shaped organs. |
| Which part of the cell is made primarily of water? | Cytoplasm. |
| Golgi Apparatus or Complex | - Hauls Freight - When the cell manufactured enzymes and hormones, it concentrates, packages, and transports them through the cell membrane so they can exit the cell, enter the bloodstream, and be carried to the areas of the body where they are required. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | - An irregular network of tubules and vesicles spreading and inter connecting in all directions throughout the cytoplasm. - Enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment. - Two types 1. Smooth. 2. Rough. |
| Cytoplasmic Organelles | - The cells mini organs. - Composed of tubules, vesicles, granules and fibrils. |
| Cytoplasm | - The protoplasm that exists outside the cells nucleus. - All metabolic function occur here. |
| Cell Membrane | - A frail semi permeable structure that surrounds the human cell. - Regulates the cell's transportation system into and out of the cell. |
| What keeps the cell in homeostasis? | Water and salt. |
| Mineral Salts | - Assist in keeping the correct proportion of water in the cell - Are also necessary for proper cell performance, the creation of energy and the conduction of impulses along nerves. - Sometimes referred to as electrolytes. |
| Acids | Hydrogen-containing compounds that can attack and dissolve metal. |
| Bases | Alkali compounds that can neutralize acids. |
| Within the cell | - Is the medium in which the chemical reactions that are the basis of metabolic activities occur. - Acts as a solvent, keeping compounds dissolved so that they can more easily interact and their concentration may be regulated. |
| Outside the cell | - Functions as a transport vehicle for materials the cell uses or eliminates. - Is responsible for maintaining a constant body core. |
| Outside the cell: | - Lubricates both the digestive system and skeletal articulations. - Protects organs such as the brain and lungs. |
| Inorganic Compounds | Compounds that do not contain carbon. |
| 4 Major Classes of Inorganic Compounds | 1. Acids. 2. Salt. 3. Bases. 4.Water. |
| Organic Compound | Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, antibodies, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA. |
| Human Genome | - The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosome of a human being. - Human genome project. |
| Human Genome Project | The process of "mapping" human DNA. |
| Chromosomes | - Tiny rod-shaped bodies that under a microscope appear to be long threadlike structures that become visible only in dividing cells. - Composed of protein and DNA. |
| Chromosomes: | - Normal human has 46 different chromosomes (23 pairs) in each somatic (nonreproductive) cell. Reproductive cells (germ cells) have only 23 chromosomes each. |
| Genes | - Segments of DNA that serve as the basic units of heredity. - Control the formation of proteins in every cell through the intricate process of genetic coding. |
| Genes: | - Each one contains information responsible for directing cytoplasmic activity, controlling growth and development of the cell, and transmitting hereditary information. |
| mRNA | Carries information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the cell protoplasm. |
| rRNA | To assist in linking of mRNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis. |
| tRNA | Found in the ribosomes and accepts the information from the mRNA. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | - Looks like a twisted spiral staircase. - Referred to as the master chemical. - Contains all of the information the cells needs to function. |
| Nucleic Acids | - Comprise about 1% of the cell Cells contain two types: 1. DNA. 2. RNA. |
| Lipids | - Support and protect organs such as the eyes and kidneys. - Assist in the digestive process. - Provide essential substances necessary for growth and development. |
| Lipids: | - Make up 2% of the cell. - Considered fats. - Act as reservoirs of long-term storage of energy. - Insulate and guard the body against the environment. - Lubricate the joints. |
| Carbohydrates | - Make up 1% of the cell - Chains of sugar molecules and starches - Functions include short term energy warehouse - Provides fuel for metabolism |
| Antibodies | - Produced in bone marrow. - Chemical attacker of any foreign invader with antigens. |
| Repair Enzymes | - Mend damaged molecules. - Cells that are too damaged cannot be repaired. |
| Hormones | - Produced in one part of the body and influence other parts. - Regulate growth and development. |
| Structural Proteins | Provide the body with shape and form and some source of energy Ex: Like muscle tissue. |
| Enzymatic Proteins | - Control cells physiologic activities. - Act as organic catalysts. |
| Proteins | - Make up 15% of the cell. - Functions include growth and construction of new body tissue and repair of injured cells. - Formed by strings of amino Acids by a process of protein synthesis. |
| Organic compounds: | - Proteins. - Carbohydrates. - Lipids. - Nucleic acids. |
| Inorganic Compounds | Acids. - Bases. - Salts. - Water. |
| 1.The Cell | - Exist in a multitude of different forms. - Perform many diverse functions for the body. - Some exist as freely moving, independent units, whereas others remain in one position as part of the tissues of larger organisms throughout their lifetimes. |
| 2.The Cell | - If mature, are highly specialized and have predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body. - Can move, grow, react, protect themselves and repair damage, regulate life processes, and reproduce. |
| 3.The Cell | - Effect of ionizing radiation damaging the components of the cell involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair. - Cells behave abnormally. - Cells die. |
| Protoplasm | The chemical building material for all living things. |
| Catalysts | Agents that affect the rate of a chemical reaction. |
| Antigens | Foreign bodies such as bacteria, flu or viruses. |
| Thyroid gland produces a hormone in the neck which regulates _____________ throughout the body. | Metabolism |
| Inside the Nucleus | Contains 4 organic basis: A-adonine. C- cystocine. G - guanine. T - thymine. |
| Inorganic Compounds | Compounds which do not contain carbon. |
| ________ are hydrogen containing compounds. | Acids. |
| __________ are alkali or neutralizing compounds | Bases. |
| _________ are chemical compounds resulting from the action of the acid and base on each other. | Salts. |
| Semi Permeable Membrane | A film that permits the passage of a pure solvent such as water but does not allow material dissolved by the solvent to pass through it. |
| Tubules | Small tubes. |
| Vesicles | Small cavities or sacs containing liquid. |
| Granules | Small insoluble non-membranous particles found in the cytoplasm. |
| Fibrils | Minute fibers or strands that are frequently part of a compound fiber. |
| Grandular ER | Rough surfaced. |
| Agranular ER | Smooth surfaced. |
| The major difference is in the ________________ in which 4 daughter cells are produced containing ½ of all genetic material needed for a cell. | Telophase. |
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