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Final Semester Two
Greek Mythology and Grammar
| Oedipus | A tragic hero in Greek Mythology from Sophocles' The Oedipus Cycle and fulfills a prophecy stating that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother, creating despair for Thebes. |
| Creon | Brother-in-law and uncle of King Oedipus. In The Oedipus Cycle, he is presented as a reasonable and loyal figure but his character evolves into a manipulative and ruthless Theban ruler. |
| Jocasta | Oedipus's wife and mother, attempts to disregard the prophecy by sending her son to die in a mountain; however, she realizes that he had sex with her son and kills herself when finding out the truth |
| Teiresias | A blind seer/prophet known for his clairvoyance and ability to see the future, plays a crucial role in unfolding the events of the story and warns both ruler of consequences and the truth. |
| Ismene | One of Oedipus's daughters and sisters of Antigone. Caring, compassionate, and timid character. She weeps over Oedipus's suffering, reveals the growing conflict between her brothers, and refuses to join Antigone in Polyneices's burial. |
| Chorus | represents the elders of Thebes/Colonus, prominent group of older men that act like a collective voice that reflects the community's thoughts and emotions |
| Shepherd | a servant of King Laios, who orders him to abandon the infant Oedipus on Mount Cithaeron because of a prophecy but he felt pity for the infant and gave it to another shepherd who then hands him over to King Polybos and Queen Merope of Corinth |
| Corinth | The ancient city like Thebes where Oedipus believes he is raised by King Polybos and Queen Merope, who he believes are his biological parents. |
| Laios | Laios is the king of Thebes and the father of Oedipus and is married to Jocasta and he is killed by Oedipus, fulfilling a prophecy. |
| Polybos | Dies by natural causes, King of Corinth and the adoptive father of Oedipus and is known for rescuing Oedipus as an infant and raising him as his own son. For Oedipus, his death shows how he has escaped prophecy but this is false. |
| Merope | Queen of Corinth and the adoptive mother of Oedipus. |
| Theseus | the king of Athens known for his justice, courage, and piety, welcomes the exiled and suffering Oedipus to his home, rescues Oedipus's daughters from Creon, the only witness seeing Oedipus perish. |
| Polyneices | one of the two sons of Oedipus and the older brother of Eteocles, both are cursed by their father to kill each other for the Theban throne but he is left unburied and considered a traitor in Creon's eyes. |
| Eteocles | one of the two sons of Oedipus and the younger brother of Polyneices, both are cursed by their father to kill each other for the Theban throne but he is honored for defending Thebes against its enemies. |
| The Furies | female spirits of vengeance; punished people who broke laws of nature or of the gods. Lived in the underworld. Alecto (Natural Order), Megaera (Marital infidelity), and Tisiphone (homicide) |
| Nemesis | the inevitable punishment or cosmic payback for acts of hubris. |
| Dramatic Irony | Dramatic irony occurs when the audience or reader is aware of information that a character in a play, movie, or story is not. |
| Situational Irony | the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. |
| Verbal Irony | Verbal irony involves using language in an indirect, non-literal manner, with an intended meaning that is different from (and often opposite to) the literal meanings of the words |
| Motif (Literature) | a recurring image, symbol, word, or phrase that appears throughout a story, reinforcing a central theme or idea. |
| Suppliant | someone who humbly begged for mercy or assistance, often by grasping the knees of the person they were addressing |
| Anagnorosis | tragic recognition or insight (moment of clairvoyant insight or understanding in the mind as the tragic hero as he suddenly comprehends the web of fate that he has entangled himself in) |
| Hubris | excessive pride or insolence that results in misfortune of the protagonist of the tragedy. |
| Hamartia | the product of some fatal flaw and/or mistake of the protagonist |
| Allusion | is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, literary, or political significance. |
| Theme | the central idea, message, or underlying meaning of a story. |
| Tragic hero | a character, usually a noble person, who experiences a reversal of fortune and a downfall due to a significant flaw or mistake, often their own hubris (excessive pride). |
| Oracle | is a place or person believed to be able to communicate with the gods and receive divine guidance or prophecies. |
| Prophecy | a foretelling of future events, often delivered by oracles or seers, and believed to be influenced by divine or supernatural forces |
| Soothsayer | a person who can predict the future or discern hidden knowledge through supernatural means, often through signs, dreams, or visions |
| Logos | appeals to logic and reason, using facts, evidence. |
| Ethos | appeals to the credibility and authority of the speaker, making the audience trust and respect them. |
| Pathos | appeals to the audience's emotions, using emotional language and imagery to evoke feelings and connect with them. |
| Tragedy | A tragedy depicts the downfall of a basically good person through some fatal error or judgement, producing suffering and insight on the part of the protagonist and arousing pity and fear on the audience. |
| Catharsis | Purging and/or cleansing of emotions. |
| Freytag's Pyramid | Incentive Moment ---> Rising Action ---> Climax ---> Falling Action ---> Resolution (Plot with Unity of Action) |
| Peripeteia | a pivotal or crucial action on the part of the protagonist that changes his situation from secure to vulnerable. |
| Fate | the supposed force, principle, or power that predetermines events. |
| Tyranny | the arbitrary and oppressive exercise of power, often by a single ruler or authority. |
| Capitalistic | a specific type of economic and social system. |
| Democratic | relating to or supporting democracy or its principles. |
| Socialistic | having some features of socialism, or relating to socialism. |
| In-text citations (Included) | Author Last Name(s), Year (if applicable), and Page Number. |
| Conjunctions (coordinating vs subordinating) | Coordinating conjunctions link words, phrases, or clauses of equal grammatical rank, while subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses that rely on the main clause. |
| dependent clause vs independent clause | An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence, while a dependent clause cannot stand alone and needs to be combined with an independent clause to form a complete sentence. |
| complex sentences | A complex sentence, includes one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, which cannot stand alone as a sentence and are words like "because", "although", or "when". |
| capitalization | the practice of using uppercase (capital) letters when writing. This is primarily used to indicate the start of a sentence, to distinguish proper nouns (like names of people, places, and things), and to emphasize certain words. |
| run-on sentence vs incomplete or fragment sentence | A run-on sentence (also called a fused sentence) is a sentence that combines two or more independent clauses without proper punctuation or conjunctions, while a sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence missing a subject, verb, or a complete thought. |
| parts of a Vargas Paragraph | Intro: TS, Background Info, Thesis, CS. Body: TS (1), CD (1), CM (2), CD (1), CM (2), CS (1) Conclusion: Restated Thesis, Final Thoughts |
| apostrophe "s" vs plural "s" | The difference between an apostrophe 's (apostrophe + s) and a plural s is that an apostrophe 's indicates ownership or possession, while a plural s simply indicates that there are multiple of something. |
| compound sentences | A compound sentence combines two or more independent clauses, each of which could stand alone as a sentence, using conjunctions like "and", "but", or "or". |
| Eurydice | Creon's wife and mother of Haimon. Queen of Thebes and kills herself via suicide and curses Creon for the death of her son, Haimon. |
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