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psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acquired brain injury | any type of brain damage or injury that occurs after birth |
| aphasia | a language disorder due to an acquired brain injury to an area responsible for language production or processing |
| brain injury | any brain damage or disorder that impairs normal functioning of the brain, either temporarily or permanently |
| brain plasticity | the ability of the brain to change in response to experience; also called neuroplasticity |
| Broca’s aphasia | a language disorder involving difficulty with speech production |
| concussion | a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth |
| chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) | a progressive brain degeneration and fatal condition thought to be caused by repeated blows to the head and repeated episodes of concussion |
| epilepsy | a neurological disorder involving recurrent, spontaneous seizures brought on by interference in normal brain activity |
| experience-dependent plasticity | brain change that modifies some part of its neuronal structure that is already present |
| experience-expectant plasticity | brain change in response to environmental experience that is ordinarily expected |
| focal seizure | a seizure which originates in one brain area in one hemisphere (a ‘focal point’) and affect the part of the body controlled by that brain area |
| generalised seizure | originates in both brain hemispheres simultaneously and therefore tends to involve the whole body |
| insidious onset | a brain injury that gradually develops over a period of time in an imperceptible way, showing few signs and symptoms; for example, due to prolonged use of alcohol |
| neurogenesis | production of new neurons |
| neurological disorder | any disease or disorder of any part of the nervous system |
| neuroplasticity | the ability of the brain and other parts of the nervous system to change in response to experience |
| sudden onset | when something occurs abruptly, often at a single point in time; for example, a brain injury caused by a blow to the head |
| synapse | the site where adjacent neurons communicate by transmitting neural signals to one another |
| Wernicke’s aphasia | a language disorder involving difficulties understanding spoken or written language and speaking in a meaningful way |
| brain ablation | the destruction or removal of part of the brain |
| brain lesioning | disrupting or damaging the normal structure or function of part of the brain |
| brain verses heart debate | the issue of whether the brain or the heart was the source of human thoughts, feelings and behaviour |
| Broca’s area | area in the brain’s left frontal lobe with a crucial role in clear and fluent speech production |
| cerebellum | the cauliflower-shaped structure located at the base of the brain that coordinates fine muscle movements and regulates posture and balance; also involved in learning and memory |
| cerebral cortex | outer layer of the brain involved in complex mental abilities, sensory processing and voluntary movements; roles in a diverse range of activities |
| cerebral hemisphere | one of two almost symmetrical brain areas (comprising cerebral cortex) running from the front to the back of the brain and referred to as the right and left hemispheres |
| cerebrospinal fluid | a protective, watery-like liquid that circulates between the membranes of the brain |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain with the cerebral cortex as its outer layer |
| computerised tomography (CT) | a neuroimaging technique that uses x-ray equipment to scan the brain at different angles and build up a picture of the brain |
| corpus callosum | the main band of nerve tissue connecting the two hemispheres of the brain |
| dyadic functional MRI (dFMRI) | ) an MRI scanner that is fitted out for dual scanning of two participants while they lie side by side |
| forebrain | a collection of upper level brain structures that include the hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebrum; involved in complex cognitive processes, emotion and personality |
| frontal lobe | one of four critical lobes located in the upper forward half of a cerebral hemisphere |
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | a neuroimaging technique that detects and produces images of brain activity by measuring oxygen consumption across the brain |
| functional neuroimaging | a brain scanning technique, such as PET and fMRI, that produces an image showing some aspect of brain structure, activity and function; compare with structural neuroimaging |
| grey matter | neural tissue largely composed of nerve cell bodies and their local connections to each other |
| hemispheric specialisation | the concept that one hemisphere has specialised functions or exerts greater control over a particular function; also called hemispheric dominance or hemispheric lateralisation |
| hindbrain | a collection of structures at the base of the brain that include the cerebellum, medulla and pons |
| hypothalamus | vital role in maintaining the body’s internal environment by regulating release of hormones and influences various other behaviours |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | a neuroimaging technique that uses harmless magnetic fields to vibrate atoms in the brain’s neurons and generate a computer image of the brain |
| medulla | a hindbrain structure that is a continuation of the spinal cord, connecting it to the brain; controls vital bodily functions required for survival |
| midbrain | connects upper and lower brain areas and houses structure involved with movement, processing of visual, auditory and tactile sensory information, sleep and arousal |
| motor area | area of the brain’s cerebral cortex that initiates voluntary movements |
| occipital lobe | one of the four critical lobes located in the rearmost area of each cerebral hemisphere |
| parietal lobe | one of four critical lobes located in the upper back area of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobes |
| pons | hindbrain structure involved in sleep, dreaming, arousal from sleep and control of breathing and coordination of some muscle movements |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | a neuroimaging technique that produces 2D or 3D colour images showing brain structure, activity and function |
| primary auditory cortex | receives and processes sounds from both ears |
| primary motor cortex | a strip of cortex at the back of each frontal lobe that initiates and controls voluntary movements |
| primary somatosensory cortex | a strip of cortex located at the front of each parietal lobe that receives and processes sensory information from the skin and body parts |
| primary visual cortex | receives and processes visual information from the eyes |
| reticular formation | brain area that helps screen incoming information, alerts higher brain centres to important information, helps maintain consciousness, and regulates arousal and muscle tone |
| sensory area | areas of the brain’s cerebral cortex which receive and processes sensory information |
| temporal lobe | one of four critical lobes, located in the lower, central area of the brain, above and around the top of each ear |
| thalamus | relay station in the brain for incoming sensory information (except smells) and for information from the cerebral cortex to lower brain structures; numerous other roles |
| Wernicke’s area | area of the brain’s left temporal lobe involved in speech production and comprehension |
| white matter |
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kyzy
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