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Psychology Paper 3
Cognition & Development, Forensic Psychology and Issues & Debates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reductionism | Explains complex behaviours with their most basic parts |
| Holism | Explains complex behaviours including all possible factors/influences |
| Alpha Bias | Differences between genders are exaggerated |
| Beta Bias | Differences between genders are ignored |
| Androcentrism | Male behaviour assumed as "normal" |
| Determinism | Behaviour is determined by factors outside of our control |
| Free Will | We have an active role/choice in our behaviours |
| Social Sensitivity is… | When the results of a study could have a social consequences for the participant group |
| The main assumption of Piaget’s Cognitive Development | Children develop as a result of maturation and the environment |
| Schemas are… | Cognitive frameworks |
| What does Piaget believe leads to development? | Challenging and updating schemas |
| Equilibration is made up of… | Equilibrium and Disequilibrium |
| Adaptation is made up of… | Accommodation and Assimilation |
| What restores equilibrium? | Accomodation |
| The Stages of Intellectual Development are… | Sensorimotor, Pre-Operational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational |
| The Sensorimotor stage develops… | Object Permanence |
| The Pre-Operational stage develops… | Egocentrism, Animism |
| The Concrete Operational stage develops… | Conservation, Class Inclusion |
| The main assumption of Vgotsky’s Cognitive Development | Social interactions and cultural factors shape development |
| What is the Zone of Proximal Development? | The gap between a kid’s current and more advanced abilities |
| What is Scaffolding used for? | To help students cross the Zone of Proximal Development |
| What does Baillargeon’s early infant abilities challenge? | Piaget’s Intellectual Stages of Development |
| Baillargeon believe babies are born with… | An Innate Physical Reasoning system |
| What was found in the Violation of Expectation experiments? | Impossible events were looked at significantly longer than Possible events |
| What was the age for the Violation of Expectation participants? | Under 6 month olds |
| What were Selman’s Levels of Perspective taking? | Egocentric, Subjective, Self-Reflective, Mutual, Societal |
| What is Theory of Mind? | Our ability to understand that others have their own minds (thoughts, beliefs…) |
| What did The Sally-Anne test find? | Children under 4 cannot comprehend Sally’s False Belief |
| Baron-Cohen et al did… | A Sally-Anne test on children with down syndrome and autism |
| What did Baron-Cohen et al find? | 20% of autistic kids were correct, compared to 85% (control) and 86% (DS) |
| What do Mirror Neurons do? | Activate when performing and seeing an action |
| What are Mirror Neurons linked to? | Empathy (and thus Theory of Mind) |
| What is the Broken Mirror theory? | Autism may be caused by deficiencies in the Mirror Neuron system |
| Top-Down Approach | Pre-defined profiles are created, and new details are used to better fit them into one |
| What are offenders classified as in the TD Approach? | Organised or Disorganised |
| What was the TD Approach created around? | Interviews of 36 US offenders |
| Bottom-Up Approach | Characteristics of offenders studies first, with a general profile created second |
| The two parts in Investigative Psychology are… | Interpersonal Coherence and Statistical Analysis |
| Interpersonal Coherence | When offender behaviour matches personal character (aggression, etc…) |
| The circle hypothesis | Where offenders commit their crimes within a circle, often around their home |
| Canter and Larkin found… | Of 45 British serial offenders, 87% lived within their predicted circles |
| Two categories within Geographical Profiling are… | Commuters and Marauders |
| Two Biological explanations for criminal behaviour are… | Lombroso’s Atavistic form and Eysenck’s Criminal Personality |
| Lombroso believed criminality was… | An inheritable trait, from people in a more primitive stage of evolution |
| What did Lombroso find? | Of 4000 Italian criminals, 40% had ativistic features |
| What are the three parts to Eysenck’s criminal personality? | Extraversion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism |
| Extraversion is caused by… | Under-active ARAS |
| Neuroticism is caused by… | Over-active Limbic system (fast reaction and recovery) |
| Psychoticism is caused by… | Elevated Testosterone levels |
| What did Lange do? | Studied whether types of twins both went to prison |
| What did Lange find? | 77% of identical twins both went to prison compared to 12% fraternal |
| What was Lange’s sample? | 13 identical, 17 fraternal |
| What did Mednick et al do? | Studied whether the biological or adopted parents being criminals had a effect on the child’s behaviour |
| What did Mednick et al find? | Kids adopted by non-criminals had a 13 % chance of criminal behaviour, but 20% if the bio parent was criminal |
| What was Mednick et al’s sample? | Over 14000 adoptees |
| What does the MAOA-L gene linked to? | Aggression |
| What did Brunner et al find? | All men in a family with a history of aggressive/criminal behaviour had the MAOA-L gene |
| What are the stages of Kolberg’s morality theory? | Pre-conventional, Conventional and Post-conventional |
| Minimisation is… | Redirection or removal of blame from the self |
| Hostile Attribution Bias is… | When someone is more likely to interpret behaviour as aggressive |
| What is a weakness of Kolberg? | Beta bias |
| The Pre-conventional stage includes… | Punishment-avoidance orientation |
| The Conventional stage includes… | Good child orientation |
| The Post-conventional stage includes… | Social contract orientation |
| What was Sutherland’s theory? | Differential Association Theory |
| What did Sutherland believe? | People learn to be offenders through interactions with others who offend |
| The Ego is… | Morals |
| The Superego is… | Negotiator |
| The Id is… | Base wants |
| Weak superego | Same sex parent missing in Phallic stage |
| Deviant superego | Same sex parent enables/models deviant behaviour |
| Overly harsh superego | Overly harsh parenting leads to dependency on punishment |
| What did Gottesman find? | 48% identical vs 17% fraternal concordance rate for schizophrenia |
| Who did Tienari look at? | Children of SZ mothers adopted by families |
| What did Tienari find? | 6% developed sz when adopted by healthy families, but 37% did in dysfunctional ones |
| Brain structures associated to SZ are… | Dopamine Hypothesis and Enlarged ventricals |
| Positive symptoms are linked to… | Excess of Dopamine |
| A study to support Expressed Emotion is… | Tienari (6% to 37%) |
| Family dysfunction | Expressed emotion, the Schizophrenic mother and the Double bind theory |
| Diathesis-stress model | People are born with vulnerabilities that can be triggered by stressors |
| Studies to support the Interactionist approach are… | Tienari and Gottesman |
| Describe Typical drugs… | Severe side effects, acts on dopamine, reduces positive symptoms |
| Describe Atypical drugs… | Less severe effects, acts on dopamine and serotonin, reduces positive an negative symptoms |
| A study to support drug therapy is… | Thornley et al (antipsychotics vs placebos) |
| What are the psychological approaches to treating schizophrenia? | CBT, Family Therapy, and Token economies |
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