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Top 200 Medications
Top 200 Medications w/ generic, brand, indication, drug class, and misc.
| Generic | Brand | Indication | Drug Class | Misc. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allopurinol | Zyloprim | Gout | Xanthine oxidase inhibitor | lowers uric acid levels can cause hypersensitivity rxn monitor serum uric acid and liver enzymes often w/ colchicine rash common, disc if rash genetic screening in high risk populations |
| Dicyclomine HCl | Bentyl (oral, IV) | Irritable bowel syndrome | GI anticholinergic | relieves smooth muscle spasms in GI dry mouth, dizzy, blurred vision CI in pts w/ GI obstruction caution in elderly can cause CNS side effects non for infants <6 mo |
| Esomeprazole magnesium | Nexium (oral, IV) | Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) | inhibits gastric acid production take 1 hr before meals may lead to vit B12 deficiency increases risk of C.diff, pneumonia, osteoporosis may cause hypomagnesemia |
| Famotidine | Pepcid (oral, IV) | GERD | Histamine H2 antagonist | reduces stomach acid secretion fewer CNS effects than cimetidine prevent stress ulcers in hospitalized pts can cause QT prolongation safer than ranitidine 1 hr to work, lasts 12 hrs OTC & prescriptions forms |
| Finasteride | Proscar, Propecia | Alopecia, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | 5α-reductase inhibitor | reduces conversion of testosterone to DHT 6+ months for hair growth decreased libido and ED pregnancy category X may mask prostate cancer monitor breast cancer (rare) synergistic w/ alpha-blockers 1mg = hair loss, 5mg = BPH |
| Lansoprazole | Prevacid | GERD, ulcers, & H. pylori | PPI | take 30 mins before food part of H. pylori triple therapy increase risk of bone fractures and infections can lead to hypomagnesemia and b12 deficiency |
| Metoclopramide HCl | Reglan (oral, IV) | Diabetic gastroparesis, GERD | Dopamine antagonist | Enhances GI motility extrapyramidal symptoms & tardive Extrapyramidal dyskinesia with long-term use oral, IV, IM causes sedation & fatigue taken 30 minutes before meals |
| Omeprazole | Prilosec | GERD | PPI | 1st PPI once daily in the morning reduces efficacy of clopidogrel Long-term use can cause nutritional deficiencies and kidney disease Increases risk of GI infections (e.g., C. diff). rebound hyperacidity after discontinuation |
| Ondansetron HCl | Zofran (oral, IV) | Nausea and vomiting | 5-HT3 receptor antagonist | effective for chemotherapy-induced nausea Risk of QT prolongation oral tablet, ODT, IV, and IM constipation and headache are common prophylaxis for post-op nausea |
| Oxybutynin chloride | Ditropan, Ditropan XL | Overactive bladder | Urinary anticholinergic | Reduces urinary frequency and urgency oral, patch, and gel forms Common side effects: dry mouth, constipation, dizziness Caution in elderly (cognitive effects) Long-acting forms preferred |
| Pantoprazole sodium | Protonix | GERD, erosive esophagitis, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome | PPI | 30–60 minutes before meals oral and IV Long-term use risks include B12 deficiency, hypomagnesemia, & fractures preferred with clopidogrel (no CYP2C19) cause headache, diarrhea, and abdominal pain |
| Polyethylene glycol 3350 | Miralax, Glycolax | Colonoscopy preparation, constipation | Hyperosmotic laxative | Draws water into the colon, increases peristalsis. Onset of action: 1–3 days Not systemically absorbed Can be used long-term under medical supervision. Caution in patients with known or suspected bowel obstruction. |
| Promethazine HCl | Phenergan (oral, IV) | Allergies, motion sickness, nausea and vomiting | Histamine H1 antagonist | IV extravasation issues — deep IM injection preferred. CI in children under 2 years confusion or delirium in elderly Anticholinergic side effects increases effects of CNS depressants. Caution with QTc prolongation; lowers seizure threshold. |
| Ranitidine HCl | Zantac (oral, IV) | GERD | Histamine H2 antagonist | Formerly used, withdrawn due to carcinogen contamination Replaced by famotidine |
| Solifenacin succinate | Vesicare | Overactive bladder | Urinary anticholinergic | Reduces urinary frequency, urgency, and incontinence. M3 receptor selective; fewer CNS effects Caution in pts with glaucoma, urinary retention, gastric retention, and elderly once-daily dosing. May prolong QTc CI in pts w/ severe hepatic impairment. |
| Tamsulosin HCl | Flomax | BPH | antagonist | relaxes prostate & bladder neck muscles. Improves urinary flow Take 30 minutes after the same meal each day orthostatic hypotension and dizziness. Used w/ finasteride as dual therapy. Minimal effect on blood pressure |
| Albuterol sulfate (inhalation) | Proventil HFA, Proair HFA, Ventolin HFA, Accuneb | Asthma | Short-acting beta2 agonist | fast onset ; lasts 4–6 hours. Side effects include tremor, tachycardia, and nervousness. MDI, nebulizer, and DPI Rescue inhaler; not intended for daily long-term control. can lead to hypokalemia. interacts with beta-blockers, reducing efficacy. |
| Beclomethasone | Qvar | Asthma | Inhaled corticosteroid | MDI, long-term asthma control, not a rescue inhaler Rinse mouth after use May cause hoarseness and throat irritation. reduces asthma exacerbations. Use lowest effective dose days to weeks for full benefit. Monitor growth in pediatrics |
| Budesonide (inhalation) | Pulmicort | Asthma | Inhaled corticosteroid | DPI & nebulizer formulations. Rinse mouth after use Slower onset; not effective for acute relief. May cause cough, sore throat, and hoarseness. Safe for long-term use under medical supervision. Preferred ICS during pregnancy due to safety profile. |
| Budesonide, formoterol fumarate dehydrate (inhalation) | Symbicort | Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Inhaled corticosteroid, long-acting beta2 agonist | maintenance treatment Approved for as-needed use in mild asthma Rinse mouth after use Can cause tremors, palpitations, and headache. Monitor for paradoxical bronchospasm; discontinue if it occurs. |
| Fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate (inhalation) | Advair | Asthma | Inhaled corticosteroid, long-acting beta2 agonist | Maintenance therapy only. Requires regular use for maximum effectiveness. Rinse mouth after use DPI & MDI Don’t abruptly discontinued; taper Increases risk of pneumonia in COPD patients. |
| Ipratropium bromide, albuterol sulfate (inhalation) | Combivent, DuoNeb | COPD | Inhaled anticholinergic, inhaled short-acting beta2 agonist | Used for acute bronchospasm & maintenance in COPD. inhaler & nebulizer solution. Caution in patients w/ glaucoma & urinary retention. Useful in acute exacerbations when SABA alone is insufficient. Monitor for paradoxical bronchospasm. |
| Montelukast sodium | Singulair | Allergic rhinitis, asthma | Leukotriene receptor antagonist | Not a rescue medication; used for long-term control side effects: agitation, depression, suicidal thoughts Boxed warning for behavior & mood changes Can use in infants 6 months Effective in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease Safe in pregnancy |
| Tiotropium bromide (inhalation) | Spiriva Handihaler; Spiriva Respimat | COPD | Inhaled anticholinergic | dry powder inhaler: Spiriva HandiHaler or Respimat Reduces COPD exacerbations & improves lung function. Not for acute symptom relief. Avoid in pts w/ urinary retention or glaucoma. |
| Alendronate sodium | Fosamax | Osteoporosis, Paget’s disease | Bisphosphonate | Inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Take in morning w/ water, 30 min before food. Stay upright for at least 30 mins Weekly/daily dosing Jaw osteonecrosis, atypical femur fractures. CI in pts w/ esophageal issues or inability to be upright |
| Chlorhexidine gluconate (oral rinse) | Peridex, Periogard | Gingivitis | Antibacterial cleansing agent | Binds to tissues & tooth, sustained activity. Rinse 30 seconds 2x daily after brushing. No eating, drinking, or rinsing after use. tooth staining, altered taste, increase tartar formation. Do not swallow Effective against gram+/- |
| Folic acid | Folic acid (oral, IV) | Macrocytic anemia | Water soluble vitamin | Essential B vitamin (B9) used in deficiency, pregnancy, and methotrexate toxicity. Required for DNA synthesis & red blood cell formation. Prevents neural tube defects Add on in pts taking anticonvulsants Reduces homocysteine levels. Prenatal vit. |
| Latanoprost (ophthalmic) | Xalatan | Glaucoma | Prostaglandin | Increases outflow of aqueous humor, lower intraocular pressure. darkening of iris & increased eyelash growth. Store unopened in fridge. conjunctival hyperemia, irritation, blurred vision. Wait 10 minutes b4 other drops Remove contact lenses |
| Lidocaine | Lidoderm (transdermal patch); Xylocaine (IV) | Localized pain, postherpetic neuralgia | Local anesthetic | Blocks Na channels, inhibit nerve impulse trans IV for ventricular arrhythmias CNS (tremor, seizures), cardiac arrhythmias cream, patch, injection, jelly methemoglobinemia in high doses Caution w/ antiarrhythmic (additive effects) |
| Methotrexate sodium | Trexall (oral); Methotrexate (IV) | Psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis | Antimetabolite | Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, blocks DNA synth folic acid lower toxicity, NSAIDs up toxicity Boxed: hepatotoxicity, myelosuppression, & teratogenicity Monitor CBC, LFTs, renal CI in PG/BF pulmonary fibrosis; report cough/dyspnea fatal dose error |
| Potassium chloride | Klor-Con, K-Dur, Micro-K (oral); Potassium chloride (IV) | Hypokalemia | Electrolyte | tablet, capsule, solution & IV take w/ food & water IV diluted & infused slowly; rapid can be fatal Monitor serum K and renal function Interacts w/ ACE inhibitors, ARBs, K-sparing diuretics CI in hyperkalemia/severe renal impairment. |
| Sildenafil | Viagra | Erectile dysfunction | Phosphodiesterase-5 enzyme inhibitor | Enhances NO effects, ups cGMP, vasodilation Hypotension risk w/ nitrates blue-tinted vision possible due to PDE-6 inhibition Do not exceed one dose per 24 hours caution in pts w/ cardiovascular disease |
| Triamcinolone acetonide (topical) | Kenalog | Dermatoses | Topical corticosteroid | Prolonged use may cause skin atrophy, striae, and telangiectasia Avoid use on face, groin, or underarms Use lowest effective potency, shortest duration creams, ointments, lotions, and sprays May cause delayed wound healing |
| Varenicline tartrate | Chantix | Smoking cessation | Partial nicotine agonist | Blocks nicotine effects Start one week before quit date; titrate to 1 mg BID. nausea, insomnia, vivid dreams, headache, depression, suicidal thoughts Take with food & water Not recommended with other smoking cessation agents 12 weeks treatment |
| Acetaminophen (APAP) | Tylenol (oral), Ofirmev (IV) | Pain | Nonopioid analgesic | Max: 4,000 mg/day Overdose hepatotoxicity; treat w/ N-acetylcysteine. oral, rectal, & IV combined with opioids Preferred analgesic in pregnancy & elderly Affects INR in pts on warfarin |
| Dihydroergotamine IM, IVPush, SubQ | DHE | Migraine Headache | Ergot Alkaloid | serotonin receptors constrict cranial blood vessels CI in PG, HTN, & ischemic HD ergotism risk w/ overuse Do not use w/ triptans within 24 hours parenterally or nasal spray nausea, premedicate with antiemetic Avoid in pts w/ PVD use 2 days/week |
| Fentanyl | Duragesic (transdermal), Sublimaze (IV) | C-II Pain | Opioid analgesic | IV, patch, lozenge, buccal film/tablet, nasal spray Respiratory depression Strong CYP3A4 Heat ups patch abs. Shorter acting than morphine IV Tolerance develops |
| Hydrocodone bitartrate, APAP | Vicodin, Lortab, Norco, Lorcet | C-II Pain | Opioid analgesic combination | hepatotoxicity risk (APAP) high abuse potential. lowest effective dose, shortest time. Avoid CNS depressants Hepatic impairment (dose adjustment or alternative) |
| Ibuprofen | Motrin, Advil (oral), Caldolor (IV) | Fever, headache, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis | NSAID | Inhibits COX-1/2 Risk: GI bleed, ulcers, CV events Max: 1200mg OTC, 3200mg Rx Caution in CKD, P Raises BP, worsens HF Take w/ food CI: aspirin allergy, NSAID asthma |
| Meloxicam | Mobic | Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis | NSAID | COX-2 selective Fewer GI side effects Long half-life enables once-daily dosing Still risky for heart/kidney Less platelet effect Avoid in ulcers, advanced renal disease, CABG pain May ↑ K+ Take w/ food Use lowest dose/duration |
| Methadone HCl | Dolophine | C-II Pain, drug detoxification (opioid abuse) | Opioid analgesic | Long half-life; overdose risk NMDA activity helps neuropathic pain QT prolongation—monitor ECG Lipophilic; accumulates Complex conversions CYP3A4 substrate OTP only Dose varies by use. |
| Methylprednisolone | Medrol (oral), Solumedrol (IV) | Allergic conditions, inflammatory conditions | Corticosteroid | Oral/IV Hyperglycemia, insomnia, mood swings, GI upset Long-term risks: osteoporosis, infection, adrenal suppression Tapering needed Interacts w/ warfarin, vaccines Take w/ food May suppress HPA axis |
| Morphine sulfate | Avinza, Duramorph, Infumorph, Kadian, MS Contin Oramorph SR, Roxanol | C-II Pain | Opioid analgesic | Causes histamine release → pruritus/hypotension Active metabolites accumulate in renal issues Risks: sedation, nausea, constipation, resp depression Tolerance/misuse possible Naloxone reverses Monitor for abuse |
| Naproxen | Naprosyn | Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fever, pain | NSAID | dosed BID ↑ GI bleed, CV events, renal risk May raise BP; caution in HTN/HF Avoid in 3rd trimester ↓ effect of ACEi, diuretics Take with food OTC and Rx forms ↓ platelet function Bleeding risk CI: aspirin-sensitive asthma |
| Oxycodone HCl | OxyContin, Roxicodone | C-II Pain | Opioid analgesic | IR and ER forms High abuse potential; Schedule II Causes sedation, nausea, constipation, resp depression Tolerance develops Often combined w/ APAP or ibuprofen CYP3A4/2D6 metabolism Naloxone for overdose Monitor use Watch for aberrant behaviors |
| Oxycodone HCl, APAP | Percocet | C-II Pain | Opioid analgesic combination | Combines opioid & APAP APAP hepatotoxicity risk Avoid other APAP-containing drugs CNS depression risk ↑ w/ alcohol/benzos Common: constipation, dizziness Schedule II Take with food Short-term use only Safe storage/disposal Not for chronic pain |
| Prednisone | Deltasone | Allergic conditions, inflammatory conditions | Corticosteroid | Must taper if >10–14 days mood swings, insomnia, hyperglycemia Long-term: osteoporosis, Cushingoid traits, infection Take with food Leukocytosis common Avoid live vaccines Monitor BP, glucose, bone health May interact w/ warfarin Caution w/ NSAIDs |
| Sumatriptan succinate | Imitrex | Migraine headaches | Serotonin 5-HT1 receptor agonist | Vasoconstriction, inhibits neuropeptides CI: stroke, IHD, HTN Oral, nasal, SC Fastest onset SC Not for prevention May cause chest pressure, flushing Avoid other triptans/ergots in 24h Serotonin syndrome risk Limit to 9/month Use at migraine start |
| Tramadol HCl | Ultram | C-IV Pain | Opioid analgesic | Weak opioid & SNRI Risk of serotonin syndrome Seizure risk, esp. in high doses CYP2D6 metabolism affects efficacy Avoid post-tonsillectomy in kids Common: nausea, dizziness Use caution in elderly/renal issues Naloxone may only partially reverse |
| Acyclovir | Zovirax | Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, varicella | Antiviral: viral DNA polymerase inhibitor | Poor oral bioavailability IV form → nephrotoxicity Common: nausea, headache Start early for best results Topical, oral, IV forms Not a cure Use for prophylaxis in immunocompromised Hydration reduces renal risk Reduces symptoms/duration |
| Amoxicillin trihydrate | Amoxil | Bacterial infections | β-Lactam antibiotic | Take w/ or w/o food SE: diarrhea, rash Renal dose adjustment needed Safe in pregnancy Oral forms: capsule, tablet, chewable, suspension Refrigerate suspension Discard after 14 days Well tolerated Used for respiratory and ENT infections |
| Amoxicillin, clavulanate potassium | Augmentin, Augmentin XR | Bacterial infections | β-Lactam antibiotic | coverage vs. β-lactamase bugs Common in sinusitis, bites More GI upset than amoxicillin Take with food Not interchangeable by dose Risk of hepatotoxicity Monitor LFTs if long-term Avoid overuse Refrigerate/shake suspension |
| Ampicillin/ Sulbactam IM, IVPB | Unasyn | Bacterial Infections | Antibiotic, Penicillin/Beta-lactamase Inhibitor | IV/IM Broad spectrum: adds anaerobes Used for skin & intra-abdominal infections Renal dose adjustment needed Infuse over 15–30 min Common: rash, GI upset IV site phlebitis Monitor renal/hepatic function C. diff risk Don't mix with aminoglycosides |
| Azithromycin dihydrate | Zithromax | Bacterial infections | Macrolide antibiotic | Long half-life; once daily Short course GI upset, diarrhea, QT risk Oral suspension on empty stomach Fewer interactions vs erythromycin Caution w/ QT drugs Active vs atypicals Not for UTIs or serious gram-negatives Avoid in hepatic impairment |
| Cefazolin IM, IVPush, IVPB | Ancef, Kefzol | Bacterial Infections | Antibiotic, First Generation Cephalosporin | Gram+ coverage Used for surgical prophylaxis Give 30–60 min b4 incision Safe in pregnancy Avoid in meningitis (low CNS levels) Avoid with calcium solutions Low cross-reactivity with penicillins IM/IV use only Monitor for allergy, GI issues |
| Ceftazidime IM, IVPush, IVPB | Fortaz | Bacterial Infections | Antibiotic, Third Generation Cephalosporin | Strong gram - activity Covers Pseudomonas Limited gram + coverage Used in febrile neutropenia, HAP ↑ seizure risk w/ renal/CNS issues Avoid monotherapy in severe cases Stable for prolonged infusion Low cross-sensitivity w/ penicillin C. diff risk |
| Ceftriaxone IM, IVPush, IVPB | Rocephin | Bacterial Infections | Antibiotic, Third Generation Cephalosporin | Broad-spectrum Once-daily dosing Dual renal/biliary elimination CI in neonates with calcium IVs Can cause biliary sludge Used for meningitis (good CNS levels) Painful IM injection Not for Pseudomonas Monitor for allergy and diarrhea |
| Cefuroxime | Ceftin (oral), Zinacef (IV) | Bacterial infections | Antibiotic, Second Generation Cephalosporin | Respiratory/gram - coverage Used for respiratory/Lyme/prophylaxis Oral/IV Oral taken with food GI upset/rash Penicillin cross-reaction possible Renal dose adjustment needed Low CNS levels Less effective for sinusitis Alternative to macrolides |
| Cephalexin monohydrate | Keflex | Bacterial infections | Antibiotic, First Generation Cephalosporin | Gram + coverage Used for skin, strep throat, UTIs Well tolerated; rash, GI upset Caution in penicillin allergy Suspension: refrigerate/discard after 14 days Dosed q6–12h Minimal CNS penetration W/ or without food Alt. for mild penicillin allergy |
| Ciprofloxacin HCl | Cipro, Cipro XR | Bacterial infections | Fluoroquinolone antibiotic | Strong gram - coverage incl. Pseudomonas Avoid in kids/pregnancy QT prolongation, CNS effects BBW: tendon rupture, neuropathy CYP1A2 inhibitor Renal dose adjustment Avoid in myasthenia gravis Use in UTIs, GI, anthrax Caution in elderly |
| Clindamycin HCl | Cleocin | Bacterial infections | Lincosamide antibiotic | Covers gram + anaerobes High C. diff risk Used in skin, dental infec. Oral, IV, topical Take w/ water, ↓ esophageal irritation Metallic taste, GI No CNS penetration stops toxin production Hepatic caution; monitor LFTs Alt. for penicillin allergy |
| Daptomycin IVPush, IVPB | Cubicin | Bacterial Infection | Antibiotic, Cyclic Lipopeptide | Covers gram + incl. MRSA/VRE Not for pneumonia (inactivated in lungs) Used in bacteremia, endocarditis, SSTIs IV push or 30-min IVPB May cause eosinophilic pneumonia Monitor renal/muscle symptoms Avoid in lung infections Inactivated by surfactant |
| Doxycycline hyclate | Vibramycin | Bacterial infections | Tetracycline antibiotic | Used for acne, STIs, Lyme Take w/ food (↓ GI upset) Avoid dairy, antacids, iron Photosensitivity risk Avoid in pregnancy, kids <8 Risk of esophagitis—stay upright Broad spectrum; C. diff risk Rare: intracranial HTN Oral and IV forms |
| Fluconazole | Diflucan | Candidal infections, cryptococcal meningitis | Imidazole antifungal | Great oral bioavailability Single 150 mg dose for vaginal yeast May cause hepatotoxicity—monitor LFTs Strong CYP2C9/3A4 inhibitor Can prolong QT Generally well tolerated GI upset, headache common Avoid in pregnancy (high doses) Same IV/PO dosing |
| Gentamicin IM, IVPB | Garamycin | Bacterial Infections | Antibiotic, Aminoglycoside | Gram - coverage; concentration-dependent Monitor peaks/troughs Nephrotoxic & ototoxic Only IV/IM for systemic use Used w/ β-lactams for synergy TDM essential Avoid nephrotoxins Post-antibiotic effect Watch renal/ear function |
| Levofloxacin | Levaquin | Bacterial infections | Fluoroquinolone antibiotic | Covers gram +/-, atypicals 100% bioavailability (IV = PO) BBW: tendons, neuropathy, CNS effects QT prolongation risk Avoid in pregnancy, kids, athletes Separate from cations May cause dysglycemia C. diff risk Used for pneumonia, UTI, sinusitis |
| Metronidazole | Flagyl | Bacterial and protozoal infections | Nitroimidazole antibiotic | Used for anaerobes, BV, C. diff Disulfiram-like rxn w/ alcohol Metallic taste, GI upset Peripheral neuropathy with long use oral, IV, topical, vaginal Hepatic adjustment Dark urine harmless ↑ INR with warfarin Avoid overuse Photosensitivity rare |
| Minocycline HCl | Minocin | Bacterial infections | Tetracycline antibiotic | acne, MRSA, respiratory infections More CNS penetration than doxycycline Dizziness, vertigo Avoid in PG, kids <8 Photosensitivity No antacids, dairy, iron pigment skin long-term Rare lupus/hepatitis Take with water, stay upright Avoid lying down |
| Mupirocin (topical) | Bactroban | Impetigo, skin infections | Topical antibacterial | skin infections and MRSA decolonization Inhibits bacterial tRNA synth Topical, intranasal Minimal absorption Use on intact skin only Avoid eyes, mucosa May irritate skin No long-term use Stop if no effect in 3–5 days Ointment vs cream use differs |
| Nafcillin IM, IVPB | N/A | Bacterial Infection | Antibiotic, Penicillin | Covers MSSA Preferred IV serious MSSA Hepatic clearance Phlebitis common—use central line Can cause neutropenia, ↑ LFTs Incompatible with many drugs May cause sodium overload Monitor CBC, LFTs Infuse slowly Narrow spectrum—less flora disruption |
| Nitrofurantoin | Macrodantin, Macrobid | Urinary tract infections | Nitrofuran antibiotic | UTI-only Ineffective if CrCl <30 mL/min Macrobid BID; Macrodantin QID GI upset, brown urine Pulmonary toxicity with chronic use Neuropathy risk in elderly CI in late pregnancy Take with food Avoid in systemic infections Forms not interchangeable |
| Nystatin (topical) | Nystop | Candidal skin infections | Polyene antifungal | Candida skin/oral infections Binds ergosterol → cell leakage Topical, powder, cream, oral suspension Oral: swish/swallow for thrush No systemic absorption 2–4x daily Avoid occlusive dressings Safe in pregnancy Use in moist skin folds |
| Oseltamivir phosphate | Tamiflu | Influenza prophylaxis and treatment | Antiviral: neuraminidase inhibitor | Start w/in 48h of flu symptoms Reduces duration by 1–2 days prophylaxis Approved ≥2 weeks old Nausea, vomiting, headache Rare neuropsychiatric effects Capsules can be opened for kids Does not replace vaccine Used in flu outbreaks |
| Penicillin G (IM, IVPB,) Penicillin V Potassium (oral) | Wycillin, Bicillin LA, Penicillin VK | Bacterial Infection | Antibiotic, Penicillin | IV/IM syphilis, endocarditis Short t1/2; frequent IV dosing Can cause anaphylaxis High-dose → seizures in renal issues Electrolyte load impacts fluid balance Not w/ aminoglycosides Monitor renal function Hypersensitivity risk Narrow spectrum |
| Piperacillin/ Tazobactam IVPB | Zosyn | Bacterial Infection | Antibiotic, Penicillin and Beta-lactamase inhibitor | Broad-spectrum; Pseudomonas IV; hospitals ↑ allergy risk May cause leukopenia, thrombocytopenia Combine with vanco = ↑ nephrotox Prolonged infusion improves outcomes C. diff risk Don't mix with aminoglycosides Monitor WBC, renal function |
| Sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim | Bactrim (oral, IV), Septra (oral) | Bacterial infections | Sulfonamide antibiotic | Inhibits folate synthesis Used for MRSA, UTIs, PCP Dosed by TMP component CI in sulfa allergy, pregnancy Rash, GI upset, hyperkalemia Risk of SJS/TEN ↑ INR with warfarin Photosensitivity Hydration prevents crystals Renal dose adjustment |
| Telavancin IVPB | Vibativ | Bacterial Infection | Antibiotic, Glycopeptide | For gram + incl. MRSA BBW: nephrotoxicity, fetal harm Monitor renal, QT Long t1/2; daily dosing Foamy urine, taste changes IV; infuse ≥60 min Interferes with INR/aPTT labs Avoid in renal issues Used when vanco not an option Nausea common nbvc |
| Tobramycin IVPB | N/A | Bacterial Infection | Antibiotic, Aminoglycoside | Gram-neg incl. Pseudomonas Concentration-dependent killing Monitor peaks/troughs IV or inhaled (CF use) Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity Renal dose adjustment Synergistic with β-lactams Avoid nephrotoxins Post-antibiotic effect Monitor hearing, renal |
| Vancomycin IVPB | Vancocin | Bacterial Infection | Antibiotic, Glycopeptide | For MRSA, gram + TDM needed (target 10–20 mcg/mL) Red man syndrome—infuse ≥60 min Nephro/ototoxicity risk Renal dose adjustment Narrow therapeutic index Monitor renal function Don't mix with aminoglycosides Individualized dosing required |
| Alteplase IVPB | Activase | Stroke, Pulmonary Embolism | Thrombolytic | tPA for stroke, MI, PE Use within 3–4.5h for stroke Bleeding risk (esp. intracranial) CI: recent surgery, bleeding, HTN Monitor BP, neuro, coag labs No mixing in IV line Avoid venipuncture post-dose Antidote: cryoprecipitate Used in critical care |
| Amlodipine besylate | Norvasc | Angina, Hypertension (HTN) | Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB) | Once-daily dosing (long half-life) Peripheral vasodilation Common: edema, dizziness Minimal effect on HR Safe in low EF for BP Combine with beta-blockers No renal adjust needed Titrate slowly Take with or without food Used for BP/angina |
| Apixaban | Eliquis | Anticoagulant | Factor Xa inhibitor | Dosed BID (5 mg; 2.5 mg if frail) No routine monitoring ↓ bleed risk vs warfarin CI in active bleed, severe liver disease Adjust for age, weight, SCr No dietary restrictions Antidote: andexanet alfa Hold before surgery Used for stroke/DVT/PE |
| Argatroban IVPB Inhibitor | Argatroban | Heparin-induced Thrombocyotpenia | Anticoagulant, Direct Thrombin | Used for HIT Short t1/2; continuous IV Monitor aPTT (goal 1.5–3× baseline) No renal adjustment; liver metabolism Elevates INR—complicates warfarin switch Dose lower in hepatic issues No antidote Stop before procedures Bleeding risk Reversible |
| Atenolol | Tenormin | Angina, HTN | Cardioselective β-blocker | β1-selective blocker Fewer CNS effects Fatigue, bradycardia common Abrupt stop → rebound HTN Renal dose adjustment Less effective for CHF Caution in asthma Masks hypoglycemia Combine with ACEi/diuretic Avoid in heart block |
| Atorvastatin calcium | Lipitor | Hyperlipidemia | HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor | High-intensity: 40–80 mg LDL drop in 1–2 weeks SE: myalgias, GI upset, ↑ LFTs ↑ rhabdo risk with fibrates Monitor lipids, LFTs Take anytime Avoid grapefruit Pregnancy CI ↓ CV events Long half-life |
| Atropine IM, IVPush, IVPB, SubQ | N/A | Bradycardia, Reversal of Neuromuscular blockade | Anticholinergic, Antidote | Anticholinergic for bradycardia, toxins Blocks muscarinic receptors Rapid IV push in emergencies Crosses BBB—delirium at high doses Dry mouth, tachycardia CI: glaucoma Use in ACLS IM, IV, SubQ routes Monitor HR BPH caution |
| Bumetanide oral, IVPush, IVPB | Bumex | Edema | Loop Diuretic | Loop diuretic; potent (1 mg = 40 mg furosemide) Used for edema Short duration Monitor K, Mg, Na Ototoxicity risk (high dose/rapid IV) Safe in sulfa allergy Adjust in renal dysfunction Watch for alkalosis Monitor weights IV or oral |
| Carvedilol | Coreg, Coreg CR | CHF, HTN | α and β-blocker | Nonselective β-blocker w/ α1 block Used in HF, HTN, post-MI Take with food Can cause bradycardia, dizziness Start low, titrate slowly CI in asthma, liver disease Masks hypoglycemia CYP2D6 metabolism Not cardioselective ER ≠ IR mg-for-mg |
| Clonidine HCl | Catapres, Catapres TTS | HTN | α2-agonist | α2 agonist Oral, patch, injection forms Taper slowly to avoid rebound HTN Drowsiness, dry mouth common Patch weekly—rotate sites Used for ADHD, withdrawal Fall risk in elderly Avoid CNS depressants Adjunct in pain Short-term HTN control |
| Clopidogrel bisulfate | Plavix | Stroke/myocardial infarction prevention, peripheral artery disease | Platelet aggregation inhibitor | P2Y12 blocker; antiplatelet Prodrug via CYP2C19 ↓ efficacy in poor metabolizers BBW: CYP2C19 variants ↑ bleed risk (esp. w/ NSAIDs) Avoid w/ omeprazole Risk of TTP Stop 5–7 days pre-surgery No INR monitoring Used post-MI/stroke |
| Dabigatran | Pradaxa | Anticoagulant | Direct Thrombin Inhibitor | Oral direct thrombin inhibitor Prodrug activated in liver No INR needed Antidote: idarucizumab Do not crush/chew Renal dose adjust Main risk: bleeding More GI effects than warfarin Avoid P-gp inhibitors Swallow whole |
| Digoxin | Lanoxin (oral, IV), Digitek (oral) | Atrial fibrillation, CHF | Digitalis glycoside | ↑ inotropy, ↓ HR Used in HF, AFib Narrow therapeutic range Renally cleared—adjust dose Toxicity: nausea, vision changes ↑ risk if hypokalemia Drug interactions ↑ levels Monitor drug and electrolytes Long half-life Not 1st line in HFrEF |
| Digoxin immune fab IVPB | Digibind | Digoxin Toxicity | Antidote | Antidote for digoxin toxicity Binds digoxin—renal excretion Dosed by level or ingestion Can ↓ K+ rapidly Post-treatment levels unreliable IV only Use in serious cases Caution in renal impairment May cause allergic reaction Expensive; reserve use |
| Diltiazem HCl | Cardizem (oral, IV), Cardizem CD, Cartia XT | Angina, HTN | Nondihydropyridine CCB | Non-DHP CCB Used for HTN, angina, rate control Avoid in HFrEF Bradycardia, AV block, constipation CYP3A4 metabolism IR, ER, IV forms Don’t mix w/ β-blockers Monitor HR, BP ↑ statin levels (esp. simvastatin) Avoid abrupt stop |
| Dobutamine IVPB | Dobutrex | Cardiac decompensation | Adrenergic Agonist | β1 agonist for acute HF ↑ CO, little BP effect IV infusion only May cause tachycardia, angina Tolerance with prolonged use Monitor ECG, BP, electrolytes Sulfite allergy caution Short half-life Used short-term Watch ischemia signs |
| Dopamine IVPB | N/A | Hemodynamic Support | Adrenergic Agonist | Dose-dependent effects Low: renal; moderate: β1; high: α1 Used in shock/HF Titrate to BP/CO IV only Can cause arrhythmias Central line preferred Extravasation → necrosis Treat with phentolamine Avoid in hypovolemia |
| Enalapril maleate | Vasotec (oral), Enalaprilat (IV) | CHF, HTN | ACE inhibitor | ACEi; prodrug ↓ BP via RAAS block SE: cough, angioedema ↑ K+, SCr CI: pregnancy Avoid w/ ARBs/aliskiren in DM Start low in HF Renal failure in bilateral RAS Monitor K, renal 1st dose hypotension |
| Enoxaparin SubQ | Lovenox | DVT Treatment/Prophylaxis | Anticoagulant, Low Molecular Weight Heparin | LMWH; inhibits Xa > IIa SubQ only Used for DVT/PE, ACS Don’t aspirate/massage Anti-Xa monitoring in pregnancy/obesity CI: HIT, bleeding Renal dose adjust Antidote: protamine Rotate sites Monitor CBC |
| Epinephrine IVPB, IM | Adrenalin | Bradycardia, Hypersensitivity, Cardiac Arrest | Alpha/Beta Agonist | α/β agonist Used in anaphylaxis, arrest IM in thigh preferred Short half-life IV → arrhythmias Tremor, palpitations, anxiety Blunted by β-blockers Rapid onset Multiple routes Monitor vitals |
| Esmolol IVPush, IVPB | Brevibloc | Tachycardia, Hypertension | Selective Beta-1-Blocker | Ultra-short β1 blocker Used for SVT, HTN IV only Metabolized by RBC esterases Short t½ (~9 min) Titrate by HR/BP SE: bradycardia, hypotension CI: decomp HF, heart block Preferred for temporary use Monitor ECG |
| Ezetimibe | Zetia | Hyperlipidemia | Cholesterol absorption inhibitor | Blocks cholesterol absorption ↓ LDL by 18–25% Used solo or w/ statins No major CYP issues Well tolerated Minimal HDL/TG effect Take anytime, food optional Monitor LFTs w/ statins No proven CV benefit alone Used in statin intolerance |
| Fenofibrate | Tricor | Hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia | Fibric acid | ↓ TG, ↑ HDL Used for mixed dyslipidemia ↑ myopathy risk with statins CI: severe renal/hepatic disease ↑ serum creatinine—monitor renal May cause gallstones, GI upset Take with food Reduces pancreatitis risk Warfarin interaction PPAR-α activator |
| Furosemide | Lasix (oral, IV) | Edema, HTN | Loop diuretic | ↓ Na, K, Mg, Ca Used for HF, edema, HTN Ototoxicity at high/fast IV doses Monitor electrolytes, renal Works with low GFR IV onset: minutes; PO: 30–60 min ↑ uric acid, glucose May cause alkalosis Caution in sulfa allergy |
| Gemfibrozil | Lopid | Hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia | Fibric acid | ↓ TG, ↑ HDL ↑ statin myopathy risk (esp. simvastatin) Take 30 min before meals CYP2C8/2C9 inhibitor CI: severe renal/hepatic issues Displaces warfarin—↑ INR Less effective w/ statins Not for diabetic dyslipidemia ↑ gallstones GI upset common |
| Heparin sodium SubQ, IVPush, IVPB | N/A | Anticoagulation | Anticoagulant | Unfractionated; IV/subQ Inhibits Xa/IIa via AT-III aPTT monitoring for IV Short half-life Antidote: protamine Risk: HIT, bleeding Monitor platelets q2–3 days Avoid IM injections Titration easy High dosing variability |
| Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) | Microzide, Hydrodiuril | Edema, HTN | Thiazide diuretic | Blocks Na/Cl in distal tubule Used for HTN, edema ↓ K+, ↑ Ca, glucose, uric acid Less effective if GFR <30 Flat dose-response >25–50 mg ↑ lithium, digoxin toxicity Photosensitivity Often combined w/ ACEi Monitor electrolytes Improves BMD |
| Isosorbide mononitrate | Imdur | Angina | Long-acting nitrate | Needs nitrate-free interval Not for acute angina Causes headache, hypotension Avoid with PDE5 inhibitors Don’t stop abruptly Once/twice daily dosing Swallow whole Take at same time daily Educate on headaches |
| Labetalol IVPush, IVPB | Trandate | Hypertension | Beta/Alpha Blocker | Used for HTN, emergencies Oral/IV Less bradycardia than β-only CI: asthma, heart block Orthostatic hypotension Safe in pregnancy May ↑ LFTs Taper to avoid rebound HTN Monitor BP, HR |
| Lisinopril | Prinivil, Zestril | CHF, HTN | ACE inhibitor | Used for HTN, HF, post-MI SE: cough, angioedema ↑ K+, SCr CI: pregnancy Risk of renal failure in bilateral RAS Avoid with ARBs/aliskiren Takes weeks for full BP effect Start low in HF Monitor K, renal |
| Losartan potassium | Cozaar | CHF, HTN | Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) | no cough Used in HTN, nephropathy May cause hyperkalemia, dizziness CI: pregnancy Adjust in hepatic impairment Lower angioedema risk vs ACEi ↑ SCr—monitor renal Interacts with NSAIDs Helps diabetic proteinuria Back pain, fatigue possible |
| Metoprolol succinate | Toprol XL | Angina, CHF, HTN | Cardioselective β-blocker | β1 blocker, ER form Used in HTN, HFrEF, angina FDA approved for HF Titrate to HR/symptoms Don’t crush/chew Abrupt stop → rebound HTN Masks hypoglycemia Monitor HR, BP Caution in asthma/COPD Avoid with non-DHP CCBs |
| Metoprolol tartrate | Lopressor (oral, IV) | Angina, HTN | Cardioselective β-blocker | IR β1 blocker Used in acute MI, HTN Shorter t½; dose BID IV form in acute settings Avoid abrupt withdrawal SE: bradycardia, fatigue Take with meals Caution in conduction issues Transition to succinate in HF Avoid CNS depressants |
| Niacin | Niaspan | Hyperlipidemia | Water soluble vitamin | ↑ HDL, ↓ TG, LDL Flushing common—take aspirin 30 min prior ↑ uric acid, glucose ER form preferred (less flushing) Avoid with statins (↑ myopathy) GI upset, pruritus CI in liver disease Take with food Avoid alcohol/hot drinks Monitor lipids, LFTs |
| Nifedipine | Procardia, Procardia XL | Angina, HTN | Dihydropyridine CCB | DHP CCB Causes vasodilation Used in HTN, angina IR form not for BP—↑ CV risk ER preferred for chronic use Avoid grapefruit SE: edema, flushing, headache Caution in HF Monitor BP, edema Do not crush ER |
| Nitroglycerin (sublingual) | Nitrostat (sublingual), Nitroglycerin (IV) | Angina | Short-acting nitrate | Rapid angina relief (1–3 min onset) Sublingual—don’t swallow Headache, hypotension, flushing Max 3 doses in 15 min Call 911 if pain persists Avoid PDE5 inhibitors Store in original bottle Replace q6 months Sit while taking Not for chronic use |
| Norepinephrine IVPB | Levophed | Hypotension, Shock | Alpha/Beta Agonist | α1 > β1 agonist 1st-line in septic shock ↑ BP, slight ↑ HR IV via central line Risk of extravasation Antidote: phentolamine Monitor MAP, perfusion Can ↓ renal blood flow Tissue necrosis risk Dilute before giving |
| Phenylephrine IVPush, IVPB | Neo-Synephrine | Hypotension/shock | Alpha Adrenergic Agonist | Pure α1 agonist Used in anesthesia, hypotension Also nasal decongestant May cause bradycardia Monitor BP, perfusion Central line if prolonged use CI: severe HTN, VT Not for cardiogenic shock Short-term only Avoid long-term nasal use |
| Phytonadione IVPB, SubQ | Mephyton | Treatment of Elevated INR | Vitamin K Analog | Warfarin antidote Restores clotting factor synthesis Oral preferred IV risk: anaphylaxis Slow infusion if IV Takes 6–12h to work Monitor INR Not for heparin reversal Dose by INR/bleed severity IM/SubQ also available |
| Propranolol HCl | Inderal, Inderal LA | Angina, HTN, migraine prophylaxis | Nonselective β-blocker | Nonselective β-blocker Used in HTN, tremor, anxiety, thyrotoxicosis Lipophilic—CNS effects CI: asthma/COPD Bradycardia, fatigue, hypotension Avoid abrupt stop Masks hypoglycemia Used in variceal bleeding Titrate slowly Monitor HR/BP |
| Protamine sulfate IVPush, IVPB | N/A | Heparin Overdose | Antidote | Antidote for heparin, LMWH Binds & inactivates heparin IV slow push or infusion Rapid dose → hypotension Anaphylaxis risk (fish allergy, vasectomy, NPH use) Short half-life Repeat dosing possible Monitor aPTT Avoid mixing in Y-site |
| Reteplase IVPush | Retavase | Treatment of Myocardial Infarction | Thrombolytic Agent | tPA for acute MI 2 IV bolus doses, 30 min apart Dissolves fibrin clots Major bleeding risk CI: recent surgery, stroke, bleeds Not interchangeable with alteplase Use w/in 6 hrs of reconstitution Don’t shake vial Monitor ECG, bleeding Hospital only |
| Rivaroxaban | Xarelto | Anticoagulant | Factor Xa inhibitor | Once/twice daily (based on use) Take 15–20 mg w/ food No routine INR needed Antidote: andexanet alfa CI: renal failure (CrCl <30) ↑ bleed risk w/ NSAIDs Hold 24–48h pre-surgery Avoid CYP3A4/P-gp inhibitors Used in VTE, AFib |
| Rosuvastatin calcium | Crestor | Hyperlipidemia | HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor | ↓ LDL, CV risk Take any time Long half-life (~19h) Monitor CK if muscle symptoms ↑ glucose, LFTs Pregnancy CI Adjust for severe renal disease Few CYP interactions Start low, titrate Check lipids 4–12 weeks |
| Simvastatin | Zocor | Hyperlipidemia | HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor | Moderate-intensity statin Take in evening CYP3A4 substrate Avoid grapefruit, inhibitors Dose limits w/ amiodarone, diltiazem Myopathy/rhabdo risk CI: pregnancy/lactation Start low, titrate Combine w/ ezetimibe if needed Monitor LFTs, CK |
| Spironolactone | Aldactone | CHF, edema, HTN | Potassium-sparing diuretic | K-sparing diuretic, aldosterone blocker Used in HF, HTN, acne ↑ K+, gynecomastia, menstrual changes Improves HFrEF survival CI: CrCl <30, K+ supplements Monitor renal, K+, SCr Take with food Caution in elderly Anti-androgenic effects |
| Triamterene, HCTZ | Dyazide, Maxzide | Edema, HTN | Potassium-sparing diuretic, thiazide diuretic | K-sparing + thiazide combo ↓ BP, limits K+ loss Monitor K+ (hypo/hyper) CI: renal impairment, hyperkalemia ↑ kidney stone risk Hydrate well Photosensitivity Take in AM Avoid K+ supplements Monitor electrolytes, renal |
| Valsartan | Diovan | CHF, HTN | ARB | ARB for HTN, HF, post-MI ↓ risk of cough vs ACEi ↑ K+, SCr—monitor renal Pregnancy CI Start low if volume-depleted No CYP metabolism Improves survival post-MI Take consistently Combine w/ sacubitril for HF Less angioedema risk |
| Verapamil HCl | Calan (oral, IV), Isoptin (oral), Verelan (oral) | Angina, HTN | Nondihydropyridine CCB | Non-DHP CCB ↓ HR, contractility Used for HTN, angina, arrhythmias SE: bradycardia, constipation, hypotension CI: HFrEF, AV block CYP3A4 inhibitor Avoid β-blockers ER forms not interchangeable Take with food Monitor ECG, BP |
| Warfarin sodium | Coumadin, Jantoven | Anticoagulant | Vitamin K antagonist | Vitamin K antagonist INR monitoring required Many drug/food interactions Vitamin K diet consistency vital Delayed onset—bridge ↑ INR w/ antibiotics, amiodarone CI: pregnancy Antidotes: vitamin K, PCC Risk: skin necrosis Patient education crucial |
| Alprazolam | Xanax, Xanax XR | C-IV Anxiety | Benzodiazepine | Short-acting benzo Used for anxiety/panic Fast onset; abuse risk CYP3A4 metabolism Avoid alcohol/CNS depressants SE: sedation, memory loss Taper slowly—withdrawal seizure risk Avoid in elderly CI: pregnancy (Category D) Tolerance develops |
| Amitriptyline HCl | Elavil | Depression, neuropathy | Tricyclic antidepressant | TCA; used for depression, pain, migraine Strong anticholinergic effects Sedating; take at night QT prolongation, overdose fatality CI in suicidal patients Start low in elderly CYP2D6 Takes weeks to work Beers Criteria drug Weight gain |
| Amphetamine, dextroamphetamine salts | Adderall, Adderall XR | C-II ADHD | CNS stimulant | Stimulant for ADHD/narcolepsy ↑ dopamine/NE CI: CVD, hyperthyroid, drug abuse SE: insomnia, ↓ appetite, weight loss Schedule II Monitor HR, BP Risk: growth suppression Taper to avoid withdrawal Black Box: sudden death Avoid PM dosing |
| Aripiprazole | Abilify (oral, IV) | Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia | Atypical antipsychotic | Atypical antipsychotic Partial D2, 5-HT1A agonist schizophrenia, bipolar, adjunct in MDD Lower metabolic risk SE: akathisia, insomnia Long t½; once daily BBW: suicidality, dementia deaths CYP2D6/3A4 Monitor mood, EPS Available as oral/IM |
| Atracurium IVPush, IVPB | Tracium | Anesthesia | Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocker | Non-depolarizing NM blocker IV; needs ventilation Hofmann elimination lasts 30–60 min Histamine release → flushing, hypotension Train-of-four monitoring No CNS effects Reverse w/ neostigmine/sugammadex Asthma caution Paralysis only |
| Baclofen | Lioresal | Muscle spasms | Skeletal muscle relaxant | GABA-B agonist; spasticity relief Used in MS, spinal injury Taper slow—withdrawal → seizures, hallucinations Oral/intrathecal forms Avoid alcohol/CNS depressants Onset 1h; peak 2–3h Drowsiness, hypotonia Elderly caution Ineffective post-stroke |
| Buprenorphine HCl, Naloxone HCl (sublingual) | Suboxone (film), Zubsolv (tablet) | C-III Opioid dependence | Opioid partial agonist, opioid antagonist | Sublingual/buccal for opioid use disorder Buprenorphine: partial agonist Naloxone: ↓ IV abuse Ceiling effect ↓ OD risk Start after withdrawal onset CYP3A4 metabolism DEA waiver required Monitor LFTs, withdrawal Schedule III Constipation, insomnia |
| Bupropion HCl | Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban | Depression, smoking cessation | Norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor | antidepressant No sexual SE/weight gain CI: seizure, eating disorders, EtOH withdrawal dry mouth, insomnia, tremor Activating—avoid in anxiety Max: 450 mg/day CYP2B6 substrate No splitting/crushing XL/SR Smoking cessation aid Low serotonin effect |
| Buspirone HCl | BuSpar | Anxiety | Antianxiety | 5-HT1A partial agonist Used for GAD Not for acute anxiety Takes 2–4 weeks No abuse/withdrawal risk Avoid with MAOIs Dizziness, headache, nausea CYP3A4 interactions Less effective after benzos Safe in elderly |
| Carbamazepine | Tegretol, Tegretol XR | Bipolar disorder, seizures | Anticonvulsant | Na+ channel blocker Used in epilepsy, bipolar, neuralgia Autoinducer (CYP3A4) BBW: agranulocytosis, SJS/TEN (HLA-B*1502) Monitor CBC, LFTs, Na+ Causes SIADH Avoid alcohol Therapeutic range: 4–12 mcg/mL With food Don’t crush ER tabs |
| Carbidopa, levodopa | Sinemet, Sinemet CR | Parkinson’s Disease | Decarboxylase inhibitor, dopamine precursor | Carbidopa prevents peripheral metabolism Best for bradykinesia/rigidity Take on empty stomach Avoid high-protein meals SE: dyskinesia, nausea, hypotension Dark urine/sweat Taper slowly Avoid in melanoma/glaucoma “On-off” effects long term |
| Carisoprodol | Soma | C-IV Musculoskeletal pain | Skeletal muscle relaxant | for short-term pain Schedule IV Metabolized to meprobamate Onset ~30 min; lasts 4–6h SE: drowsiness, dizziness Avoid in elderly (Beers) Use <3 weeks Caution w/ alcohol/CNS depressants Withdrawal: tremor, hallucinations Abuse potential |
| Citalopram Hydrobromide | Celexa | Depression | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) | Max 40 mg/day (QT risk) Max 20 mg in elderly/hepatic issues Onset: 2–4 weeks SE: nausea, insomnia, sexual issues SIADH risk in elderly BBW: suicidality Taper to avoid withdrawal CYP2C19 metabolism Avoid with QT drugs |
| Clonazepam | Klonopin | C-IV Anxiety, seizures | Benzodiazepine | Long-acting benzo Used for seizures, panic Half-life: 30–40h Schedule IV SE: drowsiness, cognitive issues Taper slowly to avoid seizures Avoid alcohol/CNS depressants Caution in hepatic disease Not 1st line for chronic anxiety CI in pregnancy |
| Cyclobenzaprine HCl | Flexeril | Muscle spasms | Skeletal muscle relaxant | TCA-like muscle relaxant Used for acute spasms Drowsiness, dry mouth common Avoid in elderly (Beers) CI: MAOIs (serotonin syndrome) Not for spasticity (MS) Avoid alcohol/CNS depressants Limit use ≤3 weeks Take at night lowers seizure threshold |
| Dantrolene IVPush | Dantrium | Malignant Hyperthermia | Skeletal Muscle Relaxant | Direct-acting MR ↓ calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum Used for malignant hyperthermia, NMS, spasticity BBW: hepatotoxicity Monitor LFTs IV form for crisis—reconstitute carefully Oral for chronic use SE: drowsiness, diarrhea Not in liver disease |
| Diazepam | Valium (oral, IV) | C-IV Anxiety, seizures | Benzodiazepine | Long-acting benzo Used for anxiety, seizures, withdrawal Fast onset; active metabolites Schedule IV Oral, IV, IM, rectal forms Avoid in hepatic issues SE: sedation, confusion Avoid in pregnancy Taper slowly High lipid solubility = fast CNS effect |
| Divalproex sodium; Valproic Acid (IV) | Depakote, Depakote ER, Depacon (IV) | Bipolar disorder, migraine prophylaxis, seizures | Anticonvulsant | Used for seizures, bipolar, migraine ↑ GABA; Na+ channel blocker BBW: liver failure, pancreatitis, teratogen 50–100 mcg/mL SE: tremor, weight gain, hair loss Monitor LFTs, CBC, ammonia CYP inhibitor Avoid in pregnancy May cause PCOS GI upset |
| Donepezil HCl | Aricept | Alzheimer’s Disease | Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor | ↑ CNS ACh SE: GI upset, bradycardia, insomnia Start 5 mg at night; ↑ if tolerated Caution in heart block, asthma, ulcers No liver adjustment needed No disease modification Fainting possible ODT available Take w/ or w/o food |
| Duloxetine HCl | Cymbalta | Depression, neuropathy | Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake | for depression, pain, GAD SE: nausea, insomnia, sweating BBW: suicidality May ↑ BP Taper slowly CI: narrow-angle glaucoma Avoid in liver disease, EtOH use CYP1A2/2D6 substrate Don’t crush capsules Takes 2–4 weeks to work |
| Escitalopram oxalate | Lexapro | Depression | SSRI | S-enantiomer of citalopram Used for MDD, GAD Onset: 1–4 weeks SE: nausea, insomnia, sexual issues Lower QT risk than citalopram CYP2C19/3A4 metabolism Adjust in poor metabolizers Taper slowly BBW: suicidality Monitor for serotonin syndrome |
| Flumazenil IVPush, IVPB | Romazicon | Reversal of Benzodiazepine | Antidote | Benzo antidote Onset: 1–2 min; short t½ May cause seizures (esp. in dependence) CI in TCA overdose IV only Titrate slowly Monitor for resedation No effect on EtOH, opioids Use caution in seizure history Airway support needed |
| Fluoxetine HCl | Prozac | Depression | SSRI | for depression, OCD, panic Longest SSRI t½ (4–6 days) No taper usually needed Activating—take in AM SE: insomnia, nausea, sexual issues CYP2D6 inhibitor Takes 4–6 weeks to work Safe in liver disease Caution in bipolar Weekly form available |
| Fosphenytoin IM, IVPush, IVPB | Cerebyx | Epilepsy | Anticonvulsant | Phenytoin prodrug Used for seizures/status Less vein irritation vs IV phenytoin Dosed in phenytoin equivalents Faster infusion tolerated Watch for hypotension, arrhythmias Converted in vivo Pregnancy Cat D Avoid in hepatic issues Monitor levels |
| Gabapentin | Neurontin | C-V Seizures | Anticonvulsant | for neuropathy, seizures Not GABA-active Dose-dependent absorption Renal clearance—adjust dose SE: sedation, dizziness, edema Taper to avoid withdrawal Few interactions Schedule V in some states Short t½—dosed TID Start low, go slow |
| Haloperidol IM, IVPush, IVPB | Haldol | Psychosis | Typical Antipsychotic | 1st-gen antipsychotic High D2 blockade Used in schizophrenia, agitation IM/IV/oral forms EPS, tardive dyskinesia risk QT prolongation BBW: ↑ death in dementia patients NMS possible Minimal anticholinergic effect Monitor ECG, EPS |
| Lamotrigine | Lamictal, Lamictal XR | Bipolar disorder, seizures | Anticonvulsant | Na+ channel blocker BBW: rash/SJS/TEN Titrate slowly Starter packs guide titration OCs ↓ levels; valproate ↑ levels SE: nausea, dizziness, rash Aseptic meningitis (rare) Discontinue at rash Monitor mood, seizures |
| Levetiracetam | Keppra (oral, IV) | Seizures | Anticonvulsant | Broad-spectrum AED Unknown mechanism Few interactions (non-CYP) Renal clearance—adjust dose SE: fatigue, irritability, dizziness Behavior changes in kids No level monitoring needed IV = PO Safe in liver disease Clean side effect profile |
| Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate | Vyvanse | C-II ADHD | CNS stimulant | Prodrug of dextroamphetamine Used for ADHD, binge eating Once-daily dosing Low abuse risk vs IR stimulants Schedule II SE: insomnia, ↓ appetite, ↑ HR/BP Avoid evening dosing CI: MAOI use Monitor growth in kids Taper to stop |
| Lorazepam | Ativan (oral, IV) | C-IV Anxiety, insomnia | Benzodiazepine | Short-acting benzo Used for anxiety, seizures, EtOH withdrawal IM, IV, oral forms Less liver metabolism Taper to avoid withdrawal Schedule IV SE: sedation, confusion Avoid in elderly, pregnancy Monitor RR if IV Refrigerate injectable |
| Memantine HCl | Namenda | Alzheimer’s Disease | NMDA receptor antagonist | Used in moderate-severe disease May combine with donepezil SE: dizziness, headache, confusion Adjust in renal impairment No CYP issues Titrate slowly Take w/ or w/o food Caution in seizure history Improves cognition modestly |
| Methocarbamol | Robaxin | Muscle spasms | Skeletal muscle relaxant | Used for acute pain, spasms IV/PO forms SE: drowsiness, dizziness, brown urine Avoid alcohol/CNS depressants Limit use ≤3 weeks Adjust dose in renal/hepatic issues Avoid in elderly (Beers) Fast onset Caution in seizures |
| Methylphenidate HCl | Ritalin, Methylin, Metadate CD, Concerta | C-II ADHD | CNS stimulant | also for narcolepsy Blocks dopamine/NE reuptake IR/ER/patch forms Schedule II SE: insomnia, ↓ appetite, anxiety Monitor BP, HR, growth Taper to avoid withdrawal CI: MAOI use Abuse potential Avoid evening dosing |
| Mirtazapine | Remeron | Depression | α2-antagonist | Atypical antidepressant ↑ appetite, weight—used in elderly Sedating—take at bedtime SE: dry mouth, dizziness No sexual SE May ↑ cholesterol Taper if stopped Takes 1–2 weeks to work QT prolongation risk CYP1A2/2D6/3A4 metabolism |
| Nortriptyline HCl | Pamelor | Depression | Tricyclic antidepressant | TCA; used for depression, pain Less anticholinergic vs amitriptyline SE: sedation, weight gain, dry mouth QT prolongation Avoid in CV disease Takes weeks to work OD can be fatal Monitor ECG in elderly Start low, titrate CYP2D6 metabolism |
| Olanzapine | Zyprexa (oral, IV) | Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia | Atypical antipsychotic | Atypical antipsychotic High weight/metabolic risk Used for bipolar, schizophrenia IM for agitation SE: sedation, ↑ glucose/lipids Low EPS risk BBW: dementia-related death Monitor BMI, lipids, glucose Avoid in hepatic impairment Once daily dosing |
| Paroxetine HCl | Paxil, Paxil CR | Depression | SSRI | depression, anxiety, PTSD SE: sedation, sexual dysfunction, weight + Short t½—withdrawal risk Avoid in pregnancy (Category D) CYP2D6 inhibitor Start low in elderly Don’t stop abruptly Take in morning Monitor mood, SIADH ↑ anticholinergic effects |
| Phenytoin sodium | Dilantin (oral, IV) | Seizures | Anticonvulsant | Na+ channel blocker Narrow index; nonlinear kinetics 10–20 mcg/mL SE: gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, rash Monitor albumin, adjust level if low CYP inducer Toxicity: ataxia, nystagmus Avoid IM (tissue damage) Separate tube feeds Taper slowly |
| Pramipexole dihydrochloride | Mirapex | Parkinson’s Disease, restless legs syndrome | Dopamine agonist | Start low, titrate SE: sleep attacks, impulse control issues Nausea, dizziness, hallucinations Renal adjustment needed May cause orthostasis Take with food Gradual onset Not for older patients Taper to stop |
| Pregabalin | Lyrica | C-V Fibromyalgia, neuropathy, seizures | Anticonvulsant, analgesic | Binds Ca2+ channels; ↓ excitability SE: edema, weight gain, dizziness Schedule V Adjust for renal function No CYP metabolism Taper to stop Faster onset than gabapentin Avoid CNS depressants Start low, titrate |
| Propofol IVPB | Diprivan | Anesthesia | General Anesthetic | IV sedative-hypnotic Used for anesthesia, ICU sedation Rapid onset/offset CI: egg/soy allergy Monitor BP, RR, O2 No analgesia Form supports bacteria—use within 12h May cause hypotension, bradycardia Lipid emulsion Infusion syndrome (rare) |
| Quetiapine fumarate | Seroquel, Seroquel XR | Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia | Atypical antipsychotic | SE: sedation, weight gain, orthostasis Low EPS risk BBW: suicidality, dementia death XR/IR not interchangeable Taper if stopping Monitor glucose, lipids Start low, go slow No food for XR |
| Risperidone | Risperdal (oral); Risperdal Consta (long-acting injectable) | Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia | Atypical antipsychotic | High D2 binding → ↑ EPS risk SE: prolactin ↑, weight gain Dose-dependent EPS IM long-acting form available BBW: dementia death Monitor glucose, lipids Adjust in renal/hepatic impairment Start low in elderly QT risk |
| Ropinirole HCl | Requip, Requip XL | Parkinson’s Disease, restless legs syndrome | Dopamine agonist | Titrate slowly SE: sleep attacks, orthostasis, hallucinations Risk of impulse control disorders Take w/ or w/o food CYP1A2 metabolism Avoid alcohol/CNS depressants Taper to stop Not for pregnancy Watch for nausea |
| Sertraline HCl | Zoloft | Depression | SSRI | for depression, PTSD, anxiety SE: GI upset, sexual dysfunction Start low, titrate Take in AM to avoid insomnia No QT concerns at normal dose CYP2B6/2C19 metabolism Pregnancy preferred SSRI Taper to stop Takes weeks to work Monitor mood |
| Succinylcholine IM, IVPush | Anectine | Anesthesia | Neuromuscular Blocker, Depolarizing | Rapid onset (~1 min); short t½ Used for intubation CI: hyperkalemia, burns, neuromuscular disease No reversal agent SE: malignant hyperthermia, bradycardia IV only Must ventilate Monitor K+, vitals Paralysis only |
| Temazepam | Restoril | C-IV Insomnia | Benzodiazepine | Take at bedtime Taper to avoid withdrawal SE: drowsiness, memory issues CI in pregnancy Avoid in elderly (Beers) Metabolized to inactive form Short-term use only Do not mix with alcohol |
| Tizanidine HCl | Zanaflex | Muscle spasms | Skeletal muscle relaxant | α2 agonist for muscle spasms Short-acting—take prn SE: hypotension, dry mouth, sedation CYP1A2 substrate Adjust in hepatic/renal issues Avoid with ciprofloxacin Can ↑ LFTs Withdrawal: HTN, tachycardia Don’t crush capsules Monitor BP, liver |
| Topiramate | Topamax | Migraine prophylaxis, seizures | Anticonvulsant | SE: weight loss, cognitive issues, paresthesia ↑ risk of kidney stones Taper to stop May cause metabolic acidosis ↓ OCP effectiveness CI: pregnancy (cleft palate) Start low, go slow Hydration important Renal dose adjust |
| Trazodone HCl | Desyrel | Depression, insomnia | Serotonin reuptake inhibitor/antagonist | Low doses sedating via antihistamine SE: dizziness, dry mouth, priapism (rare) Take at bedtime CYP3A4 metabolism QT prolongation risk Not first-line antidepressant Taper if stopped No abuse risk Avoid alcohol |
| Venlafaxine HCl | Effexor, Effexor XR | Depression & anxiety | SNRI | ↑ BP at high doses SE: insomnia, nausea, sexual dysfunction Short t½—taper to avoid withdrawal Take with food Monitor BP ER preferred for adherence CYP2D6/3A4 metabolism Avoid in uncontrolled HTN Takes weeks to work |
| Zolpidem tartrate | Ambien, Ambien CR | C-IV Insomnia | Non-barbiturate hypnotic | SE: sleepwalking, dizziness, daytime sedation Short-term use only Women need lower dose Avoid alcohol Onset ~30 min—take before bed CI: history of sleep behavior disorders No driving after dose ER/SL forms available |
| Canagliflozin | Invokana | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitor | SE: genital infections, polyuria Risk: DKA, amputations, fractures Monitor renal function Take in morning ↓ BP, weight ↑ LDL Avoid if eGFR <30 Hydration important Check foot health regularly Monitor K+, Mg+ |
| Conjugated estrogens | Premarin | post/menopausal osteoporosis prophylaxis, vaginal atrophy | Estrogen hormone | SE: nausea, breast tenderness ↑ risk of DVT, stroke, cancer CI: undiagnosed vaginal bleeding Take at same time daily fluid retention Monitor BP Use lowest effective dose Avoid in hepatic dysfunction Take with food Check for smoking history |
| Exenatide (subcutaneous injection) | Bydureon (ER), Byetta (IR) | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) | BID or once weekly (ER) Inject before meals SE: nausea, vomiting, weight loss CI: gastroparesis, thyroid tumors Delay oral meds Monitor renal function Store in fridge GI effects improve with time Caution in pancreatitis history |
| Glipizide | Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Sulfonylurea | Take 30 min before meals Shorter acting Less hypoglycemia than glyburide Weight gain possible Avoid in elderly with renal issues Caution with alcohol Monitor blood glucose SE: dizziness, headache Avoid missed meals Adjust dose carefully |
| Glucagon SubQ, IM, IVPush, IVPB | GlucaGen | Hypoglycemia | Antidote | IM, IV, or intranasal SE: nausea, vomiting Requires hepatic glycogen Store in fridge Ineffective in starvation, alcoholism Use oral carbs after regaining consciousness Reconstitute before use Stimulates cAMP Short-acting |
| Insulin aspart (subcutaneous injection) | Novolog | Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus | Rapid-acting insulin | Rapid onset (~15 min) Inject 5–10 min before meals Duration: 3–5 hours Risk: hypoglycemia if meal delayed Clear solution Can mix with NPH Pump compatible Store opened vials at room temp (28 days) Rotate sites |
| Insulin detemir (subcutaneous injection) | Levemir | Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus | Long-acting insulin | Long-acting; once or twice daily Duration up to 24h Less weight gain Don’t mix with other insulins Hypoglycemia possible Use consistent timing Store opened pens 42 days Rotate injection sites Monitor fasting glucose |
| Insulin degludec (subcutaneous injection) | Tresiba | Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus | Long-acting insulin | Ultra-long-acting (>42h) Flat release, flexible timing Once daily at any time Onset ~1h, no peak Lower nocturnal hypoglycemia risk Do not mix with other insulins Opened pens good 56 days U-100 & U-200 pens Store unopened in fridge |
| Insulin glargine (subcutaneous injection) | Lantus, Toujeo, Basaglar (biosimilar) | Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus | Long-acting insulin | Long-acting; duration ~24–36h Forms microprecipitates SC Once daily, same time No peak Don’t mix with other insulins Toujeo = U-300; others U-100 Store opened: Lantus 28d, Toujeo 56d Clear solution Adjust to fasting glucose |
| Insulin lispro (subcutaneous injection) | Humalog | Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus | Rapid-acting insulin | Rapid-acting; onset ~15 min Take before or just after meals Peak: 1–2h; duration: 3–5h SE: hypoglycemia Can mix with NPH Pump compatible U-100 & U-200 forms Store opened vials: 28 days Rotate sites Clear solution |
| Insulin regular (subcutaneous injection) | Humulin R, Novolin R | Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus | Short-acting insulin | Short-acting; onset ~30 min Peak 2–4h; duration 5–8h Take 30 min before meals Only insulin for IV use U-100 and U-500 forms Mixable with NPH Risk: hypoglycemia Requires tight meal timing Store in fridge |
| Insulin NPH (subcutaneous injection) | Humulin N, Novolin N | Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus | Intermediate-acting insulin | Intermediate-acting Cloudy—roll before use Onset 1–2h; peak 4–12h; duration ≤18h BID dosing typical Higher hypoglycemia risk Can mix with regular or rapid Store opened 28 days Inexpensive Not ideal for tight control |
| Levothyroxine sodium | Synthroid, Levoxyl, Levothroid | Hypothyroidism | Thyroid supplement | Take on empty stomach, AM Avoid calcium, iron, PPIs (space 4h) Narrow index—stick to same brand Monitor TSH q6–8 weeks Overdose: AFib, osteoporosis Start low in elderly Don’t skip doses Weight-based dosing Long t½ |
| Liraglutide (subcutaneous injection) | Victoza, Saxenda | Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity | GLP-1 | Once daily SC injection SE: nausea, vomiting, ↓ appetite Weight loss common Monitor for pancreatitis CI: thyroid tumors Titrate slowly Fridge before use Delay oral drugs Use same time daily Discard after 30 days |
| Metformin HCl | Glucophage, Glucophage XR | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Biguanide | Take with food to reduce GI upset Risk: lactic acidosis CI: eGFR <30 Monitor renal, B12 Hold before contrast scans No weight gain No hypoglycemia (solo) ER forms better tolerated Titrate slowly Check eGFR regularly |
| Norgestimate, ethinyl estradiol | Ortho Cyclen, Ortho Tri-Cyclen, Sprintec | Contraception | Oral contraceptive | Take same time daily SE: nausea, breast tenderness, spotting Risk: VTE, HTN, stroke CI: smoking >35, VTE history, liver disease Missed pills = backup needed Improves acne, periods CYP inducers ↓ effect Use backup first 7 days |
| Oxytocin IM, IVPB | Pitocin | Induction of Labor, Postpartum Bleeding | Oxytocic Agent | IV (labor) or IM (postpartum) Monitor FHR, uterine tone, vitals SE: hyperstimulation, hypotension, water intoxication CI: CPD, fetal distress Short t½ (~3–5 min) Titrate slowly Monitor fluid balance Continuous monitoring needed |
| Progesterone | Prometrium | Oral contraception, menopause | Progestin | Oral, vaginal, IM forms SE: drowsiness, mood changes, breast tenderness Withdrawal bleeding may occur Use with estrogen if uterus intact Monitor for VTE signs CI: breast cancer, liver disease Take oral form at bedtime Use consistently |
| Sitagliptin phosphate | Januvia | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | DPP-4 Inhibitor | Once daily with or without food Weight-neutral Low hypoglycemia risk Adjust for renal impairment SE: URI, headache, joint pain Rare: pancreatitis, hypersensitivity No major CYP issues Well tolerated Combine with metformin No weight gain |
| Thyroid desiccated | Armour Thyroid | Hypothyroidism | Thyroid product | Natural T3/T4 from pig thyroid Dose in grains (1 grain = ~60 mg) Unpredictable T3:T4 ratio SE: palpitations, weight loss, anxiety Avoid in elderly/heart disease Titrate by TSH Take on empty stomach Not well standardized Controversial |
| Vasopressin IVPB | Pitressin | Diabetes Insipidus, Shock | Antidiuetic Horomone Analog | IV infusion only Short t½ (10–20 min) SE: HTN, bradycardia, ischemia Monitor Na+, perfusion, fluids Adjunct to norepinephrine CI: chronic nephritis Acts on V1 (vaso), V2 (renal) Reduces NE needs ICU monitoring required |
Created by:
MMGunberg
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