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SCIENCE FINAL
Science facts and equations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the speed formula? | distance /time = speed |
| What is friction? | force that resists the motion of two surfaces that are touching |
| What is Newton's 1st Law of Motion? | the motion of an object does not change if the net force on an object is zero |
| What is Newton's 2nd Law of Motion? | acceleration = net force (on an object)/objects mass |
| What is Newton's 3rd Law of Motion? | for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| What is inertia? | tendency of an object to resist a change in it's motion |
| What is a contact force? | a push or pull on an object by another object that is touching it |
| What is a force? | a push or pull on an object |
| What is gravity? | attractive force that exists between all objects that have mass |
| What is mass? | the amount of matter in an object |
| What is a non-contact force? | a force one object can apply to another object without touching it |
| What is static? | at rest or having no motion |
| What is weight? | gravitational force exerted on an object |
| What are balanced forces? | combined forces form a net force of zero |
| What is net force? | combination of all the forces acting on an object |
| What is a reference direction? | given direction from a starting point to describe an object's position |
| What are unbalanced forces? | combined forces that form a net force that is not zero |
| What is centripetal force? | a force in a circular motion that acts perpendicular to the direction of motion toward the center of the circle |
| What is circular motion ? | any motion in which an object is moving along a curved path |
| What is a force pair? | forces that two objects apply to each other |
| What is the Law of Conservation of Momentum? | total momentum of a group of objects remains the same unless outside forces act on the object |
| What is momentum? | measure of how hard it is to stop a moving object |
| What is the work formula ? | work = force x distance |
| What is work measured in ? | joules |
| What is power? | rate at which work is done |
| What is work? | transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied over a distance |
| What is efficiency ? | ratio of output work to input work |
| What is mechanical advantage? | ratio of output force to input force |
| What are some examples of machines? Name at least 3 | lever, pulley, screw, wedge, and wheel & axle |
| What is a fulcrum? | point at which a lever pivots |
| What is an inclined plane ? | flat, sloped surface |
| What is a lever? | made up of a bar that pivots about a fixed point |
| What is a pulley? | grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it |
| What is a screw? | inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder |
| What is a simple machine ? | a machine that does work using only one movement |
| What is a wedge? | sloped surface that moves |
| What is a wheel and axle ? | made up of a shaft, or axle, attached to the center of a wheel such that both rotate together |
| What is atmospheric pressure? | ratio of the weight of all the air above you to your surface area |
| What is Archimedes' Principle? | weight of fluid that object displaces = buoyant force acting on object |
| What is Bernoulli's Principle? | states that the pressure of fluid decreases when the speed of a fluid increases |
| What is buoyant force? | upward force applied by a fluid on an object in the fluid |
| What is drag force? | force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid |
| What is Pascal's Principle? | states that when pressure is applied to a fluid in a closed container, the pressure increases by the same amount everywhere in the container |
| What is a fluid? | any substance that can flow and take the shape of the container that holds it |
| What is pressure? | amount of force per unit area applied to an object's surface |
| What is conduction? | transfer of thermal energy between materials b/c of collisions between particles |
| What is convection? | transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of the material to another |
| What is kinetic energy ? | the energy an object or particle has b/c it's moving |
| What is potential energy ? | stored energy |
| What is radiation? | transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by electromagnetic waves |
| What is temperature? | represents the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material |
| What is thermal energy? | sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of all the particles that make up an object |
| What is heat ? | movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object |
| What are the 3 states of matter? | solid, liquid, and gas |
| What is the Law of Conservation of Mass? | the total mass of the reactants before a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass of the products after the chemical reaction |
| What is energy ? | the ability to cause change |
| What are ALL of the types of energy? (HINT : There are 9 ) | Kinetic, potential, mechanical, sound, thermal, electric, light (radiant), nuclear, and chemical |
| What are some states of matter transformations and what are they called? | Solid to liquid → melting , Liquid to gas →evaporation, gas to liquid → condensation, liquid to solid →freezing |
| What is an inexhaustible energy resource? Give an example | an energy resource that cannot be used up ; e.x the Sun |
| What is an exhaustible energy resource ? Give an example | an energy resource that can be used up ; e.x fossil fuels |
| What is mechanical energy ? | total energy of an object or a group of objects due to large scale motions & interactions |
| What is the energy transformation of a car burning gasoline to move? | chemical →mechanical, kinetic, thermal, light , and sound |
| What is energy transformation of a battery operated radio? | chemical → sound |
| What is the energy transformation of a TV ? | electrical → light , sound , and thermal |
| What is a proton and what is it's charge ? | an atomic particle with 1 positive charge |
| What is a neutron and what is it's charge ? | a neutral particle that exists in the nucleus of an atom and has a neutral charge |
| What is a electron and what is it's charge ? | a particle with one negative charge |
| What is atomic mass? | average mass of the atoms in a element in the periodic table |
| What is atomic number? | number of protons in the nucleus |
| What are isotopes? | atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus |
| What is covalent bonding ? | chemical bond formed when 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of valence electrons |
| What is a catalyst ? | substance that increases the reaction rate of a chemical reaction |
| What is combustion? | chemical reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen and releases energy |
| What is an inhibitor? | substance that slows down, or even stops, a chemical reaction |
| What is a reactant? | starting substance in a chemical reaction |
| What is a product ? | new substance produced / created by a chemical reaction |
| What is the pH scale? List some characteristics | a scale that is used to indicate how acidic or basic a solution is red = more acidic ; purple = more basic ; green = neutral ; acidic = 1 - 6, neutral = 7 , basic = 8 - 14 |
| What is a mechanical wave? | a wave that can only travel through matter |
| What are some wave properties and what do they mean? Name at least 3 | amplitude - maximum distance that a wave moves from it's rest position wavelength - distance from on point on a wave to the same point on the next wave frequency - the # of waveleghts that pass by a point each second |
| What is the wave speed formula? | wave speed (in meters/second) = frequency · wavelength |
| What is the Law of Reflection ? | when a wave is reflected from a surface, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence |
| What are a few types of mirrors? List some characteristics | Plane - flat, reflecting surface Concave - curves inward , like the bowl of a spoon Convex - curves outward , like the back of a spoon |
| What is the calculation for voltage? | voltage ( in volts ) = current ( in amperes ) · resistance ( in ohms ) |
| How fast do all electromagnetic waves travel? | @ the speed of light |
| How do you describe sound waves? | you might describe a sound according to how frequently the waves occur or how loud it is or how long the waves last |
| What is the periodic table? List some characteristics | a chart of the elements arranged into rows and columns according to their physical and chemical properties; Period = row, Group = column |
| Explain why adding ice to a hot drink lowers the temperature of a drink | Thermal energy is being transferred from the hot drink to the cool ( heat ) A decrease in thermal energy in the hot drink = decrease in temperature |
| Explain gaining and losing electrons | This is ionic bonding ; atoms become ions |
| What is ionic bonding ? | When an atom either gives or takes an electron from another atom |
| What are the 2 types of waves and what do they look like? | Transverse - open, longish. ∿ I I I I I Longitudinal - short, close together IIIIIIIII |
| Crest v.s. Trough of a wave? | Crest - highest point on a wave Trough - lowest point on a wave |
| What type of wave is a sound wave ? | electromagnetic |
| Rarefaction v.s. Compression of a longitudinal wave | Refraction = where the particles of a wave are closest together Compression = where the particles of a wave are farthest apart |
| What does a sound wave travel through? | Matter - no vacuums |
| What is the Doppler Effect? | change in pitch when a sound source is moving in relation to an observer |
| What happens to the brightness of a bulb when you increase the number of bulbs? | As bulbs increase , brightness decreases |
| What happens to the current in a circuit when you increase the number of bulbs? | the current decreases with every bulb you add |
| What happens to the brightness of a bulb when you increase the number of cells? | As cells are added, brightness increases |
| What happens to the current of the circuit if you increase the number of cells? | The current had varied highs and lows throughout the experiment |
| What are the 3 types of potential energy? | gravitational, elastic, and chemical |
| What is transmission? | passage of light through an object |
| What is refraction? | change in the direction of a wave that occurs as the wave changes speed when moving from one object to another |
| What is absorption? | transfer of energy by a wave to a medium through which it travels |
| What is defraction? | the change of a direction of a wave when it travels by the edge of an object through an opening |
Created by:
J Dilly
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