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Paper 1
Psychopathology, Social Influence, Memory, Attachment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stages of Attachment | Schaffer and Emmerson |
| Strange Situation | Ainsworth |
| Meta Analysis of Strange Situation | Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg |
| Rhesus Monkeys | Harlow |
| Imprinting | Lorenz |
| Maternal Deprivation | Bowlby |
| Romanian Orphans | Rutter et al |
| Leading questions - “Car crash” | Loftus and Palmer |
| 44 Thieves | Bowlby |
| Post event discussion | Gabbert |
| Love quiz | Hazan and Shazer |
| Mothers sharing attachment styles with children | Bailey et al |
| Weapon focus | Loftus |
| Authoritarian Personality - “F-Scale” | Adorno |
| Line study | Asch |
| Obedience study | Milgram |
| Jury deliberations | Nemeth |
| Negative triad | Beck |
| ABC Model | Ellis |
| SSRI Meta Analysis | Soomro |
| Function of the Orbitofrontal cortex | Reward based decision making |
| The Orbitofrontal cortex is what in OCD patients? | Hyperactive |
| What do SSRIs do? | Block re-uptake channels for serotonin |
| Why do SSRIs reduce OCD symptoms? | Increases of available serotonin in synapse, as low levels are associated with OCD |
| SERT Gene | Disrupts transport of serotonin |
| What are low levels of serotonin linked to? | Anxiety and compulsive behaviours |
| A behavioural characteristic of OCD | Compulsions |
| A cognitive characteristic of OCD | Obsessive thoughts |
| An emotional characteristic of OCD | Anxiety and Guilt |
| What did Soomro find? | SSRIs are more effective than placebos |
| Whats in the Two Process Model? | Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning |
| Phobias are maintained through… | Operant Conditioning |
| Phobias are gained through… | Classical Conditioning |
| A behavioural characteristic of Phobias | Avoidance |
| A cognitive characteristic of Phobias | Irrational beliefs |
| The three parts of Beck’s Negative Triad | A negative view of the self, the world and the future |
| What are the two types of irrational beliefs | Mustabatory and Catastrophic thinking |
| Mustabatory thinking is… | Demanding “I must” thoughts |
| Catastrophic thinking is… | Making a mountain out of a mole hill |
| What happens in CBT? | Identifying and challenging irrational thoughts |
| Disputing in CBT is… | Encouraging patients to identify and challenge their irrational thoughts |
| Logical disputing in CBT is… | Challenging irrational thoughts within the persons own (faulty) logic |
| Replacing negative thoughts in CBT is… | Encouraging a more positive rewording of things |
| A cognitive characteristic of depression | Negative schemas |
| A behavioural characteristic of depression | Reduced activity |
| What did Nemeth find? | Minority influence is more effective when the group is flexible than not |
| The three key needs for minority influence to succeed | Consistency, Flexibility and Commitment |
| Aschs Variables | Unanimity, Group size and Task difficulty |
| Conformity to be correct is… | Informative SI |
| Conformity to fit in is… | Normative SI |
| Situational vs Dispositional factors | Whether something is influenced by the Surroundings or the self |
| Deindividuation | The loss of personal identity or responsibility in a group |
| Moral Strain | When morals don’t match orders |
| Agentic state | Loss of responsibility, sees their actions as out of their control |
| How many went to 450v? | 65% |
| How many went to 300v? | All of them |
| Milgrams variables | Uniform, Location and Proximity |
| What are the 4 Stages of Attachment? | Asocial, Indiscriminate, Specific and Multiple |
| Who made the cognitive interview? | Fisher and Geiselman |
| What was the comformity rate in Asch study? | 32% |
| What happened when social support was added to Aschs study? | Conformity rates dropped to 5% |
| How long is the critical period? | 2.5 years |
| Internal working model | How you see relationships and yourself, formed based on your attachment to your primary caregiver |
| How many of the 44 were affectionless psychopaths? | 14/44 |
| How many of the 14 experienced prolonged separation? | 12/14 |
| What did Rutter find? | Being adopted before 6 months mitigated the effects of institutionalisation, otherwise the longer it took the lower their IQ was later in life |
| Episodic Buffer | Helps chunk/organise information |
| Phonological loop | Holds auditory information |
| Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad | Visual information and spatial awareness/information |
| Central Executive | Allocated attention between components |
| What did Loftus and Palmer find? | People changed speed estimates based on language used |
| How did Loftus measure the weapon focus affect? | Man walked in with knife vs pen, people described pen man more accurately |
| Three parts to the cognitive interview are… | Change the order, the perspective, and report everything |
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