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Bio 30 - Populations
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| allele frequency | Number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool |
| fixed frequency | the frequency of an allele within a population when only a single allele is present for a particular gene |
| Hardy-Weinberg principal | principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change |
| genetic drift | A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. |
| founder effect | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population |
| bottleneck effect | A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population |
| gene flow | movement of alleles from one population to another |
| mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information |
| Natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. |
| sexual dimorphism | Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species. |
| population size | the number of individuals in a population |
| population density | The number of individuals in an area of a specific size |
| population dispersion | General pattern in which the members of a population are arranged throughout its habitat. |
| clumped dispersion | The most common pattern of dispersion; individuals aggregated in patches. |
| uniform dispersion | The pattern in which individuals are equally spaced throughout a habitat. |
| random dispersion | Random spacing of individuals of the same species within an area. |
| natality | birth rate |
| mortality | death rate |
| immigration | Moving into a population |
| emigration | movement of individuals out of a population |
| growth rate | Rate of increase or decrease of a population |
| per capita growth rate | for some interval, the added number of individuals divided by the initial population size |
| open population | populations in which immigration & emigration occur |
| closed population | a population that has no immigration and emigration with other populations |
| exponential growth | Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate |
| R-selected organism | an organism that is adapted to increase population size rapidly |
| K-selected organism | put most of their energy into growth |
| environmental resistance | All the limiting factors that act together to limit the growth of a population. |
| logistics growth | growth pattern in which a population's growth slows and then stops following a period of exponential growth |
| lag phase | "flat" period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth |
| log (exponential) phase | Phase of growth during which organisms grow and multiply at the maximum rate. |
| stationary phase | rate of bacterial cell division equals the rate of cell death, so the overall population size stays constant. |
| carrying capacity | Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support |
| density-dependent factor | limiting factor that depends on population size |
| density-independent factor | factor unrelated to population density that limits a population |
| instraspecific competition | competition between members of the same species |
| interspecfic competition | competition between members of different species |
| predation | An interaction in which one organism kills another for food. |
| limiting factors | Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms. |
| symbiosis | A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species. |
| mutualism | A relationship between two species in which both species benefit |
| Commenalism | one species benefits and the other is not affected |
| Paratism | One organism benefits and the other is harmed |
| succession | the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established |
| climax community | a stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes |
| primary succession | An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed |
| secondary succession | reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact |
| pioneer community | the initial community that develops during primary succession |
| sexual selection | the process by which individuals with certain traits are more likely to attract mates and reproduce, passing on those traits to the next generation. |
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